ngs. One of the main benefits of the WTO and EU system is that they are both rule-based.
Rule making guarantees that all members adopt the same basic standards, which is especially relevant to the WTO when dealing with global trade. Both are trying to diminish discrimination in one form or another and both have the facility for justice.
世界银行-The World Bank
The World Bank formally began operations on 26th June 1946. The initial authorised capital of the bank was $12 million. The primary purpose of the Bank was to provide loans for reconstruction and rebuilding of Western European countries after World War 2. Another purpose of the Bank was to invest in the developing world.
The lending for reconstruction ended in 1967, and into the present the Bank remains the largest source of development assistance. In 1947 the first ever loan was approved to Credit National of France for $250 million, which was the largest loan in real terms made by the Bank.
In 1962 the first loan for education was given to Tunisia. In 1966 the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) was established. It provides arbitration services in investment disputes, which arise between foreign investors and host country governments. It also provides advice to developing countries governments on the drafting of foreign investment laws and regulation
While there are many expectations and definitions of the fundamental role of the Bank, four different models or perspectives are the most common. The first is the view that the World Bank is a financial intermediary.
A second perspective or model is the view of the Bank as an evangelical agent in charge of changing the behaviour of governments in developing countries. The fourth is the view that the World Bank is a mechanism to transfer financial resources from richer to poorer countries.
By 1959 the Bank achieved the highest possible, triple bond rating, which has been rigorously maintained ever since. This was an important achievement for the bank, because it gets most of its funding from private money markets. Moreover, the first overseas offices were set up in Paris, Hague and Copenhagen, to oversee loan expenditure.
During this time it was also agreed that the interest rates paid by borrowing countries be the same for all courtiers, irrespective of their individual credit rating.
Today, the World Bank integrates its lending practices to meet environmental and infrastructural requirements, the world over. The new 'green' focus has made capital available to a number of developing and under-developed nations to improve exports, attain economic equanimity and at the same time guarantee citizens upgraded utilities and services.
The WTO's procedure for resolving trade quarrels under the Dispute Settlement Understanding is vital for enforcing the rules and therefore for ensuring that trade flows smoothly.
A dispute arises when a member government believes another member government is violating an agreement or a commitment that it has made in the WTO.
Canada has asked the World Trade Organization to resolve a trade dispute with the U.S. over country-of-origin labelling rules that discourage cattle and hog imports, the federal government announced Wednesday, October 7th 2009. It has asked a WTO tra
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