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de dispute panel to strike down the rules on the grounds they make it difficult for Canadian cattle and hog exporters to compete fairly. Canada's beef industry estimates changing the labelling rule would could save Canadian cattle exporters $1 million a day.

Recently, the UnitedStates formally filed two WTO complaints against China over so-called copyright piracy and restrictions on the sale of American books, music, videos and movies. WTO dispute settlement procedures stipulate 60 days for consultations between the United States and China. If the consultations fail, the United States could ask for a WTO panel to investigate and rule on the dispute.

贸易关税-Trade Tariffs

There are several types of tariffs and barriers that a government can employ:

Graph showing percentage of world trade in goods by partnerSpecific tariffs

Ad valorem tariffs

Licenses

Import quotas

Voluntary export restraints

Local content requirements

Products such as Tobacco, Liquor and pure perfume are classified as Duty free items. All other items are classed as tax free. If you are flying within the European Union, for example from Holland to England, you are entitled to Tax Free prices on fragrances, cosmetics and skincare; photographic and electrical goods; fashion and accessories; gifts, jewellery and souvenirs. There are no longer any allowance restrictions on these Tax Free items.

When travelling from the EU* to the UK you do not have to pay any tax or duty on goods you have bought in another EU country as long as tax was included in the price when you purchased the items, the items are for your own use, and have been transported to the UK by you.

The benefits of tariffs are uneven. Becausea tariff is a tax, the government will see increased revenue as imports enter the domestic market.

The effect of tariffs and trade barriers on businesses, consumers and the government shifts over time. In the short run, higher prices for goods can reduce consumption by individual consumers and by businesses. During this time period, businesses will profit and the government will see an increase in revenue from duties. In the long term, businesses may see a decline in efficiency due to a lack of competition, and may also see a reduction in profits due to the emergence of substitutes to their products.

Tariffs increase the prices of imported goods. Because of this, domestic producers are not forced to reduce their prices from increased competition, and domestic consumers are left paying higher prices as a result. Tariffs also reduce efficiencies by allowing companies that would not exist in a more competitive market to remain open.

The European Union is the world's biggest trader, accounting for nearly 20% of global imports and exports. The Union has granted duty-free or cut-rate access to its market for most of the imports from developing countries under its generalised system of preferences (GSP). It goes even further for the world's 49 poorest countries, all of whose exports - with the sole exception of arms - enter the EU duty-free.

The disappearance of trade barriers within the EU made a significant contribution to its prosperity and has reinforced its commitment to global liberalisation. As EU countries removed tariffs on t