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JOURNAL OF OPTIMIZATION THEORY AND APPLICATIONS: Vol. 108, No. 2, pp. 283–296, FEBRUARY 2001
Terrorism Control in the Tourism Industry
G. FEICHTINGER,1 R. F. HARTL,2 P. M. KORT,3
AND A. J. NOVAK
Communicated by G. Leitmann
Abstract. In some countries, www.51lunwen.orgfor instance Egypt, terrorists try to hurtthe country income from the tourism industry by violent actions againsttourists. Another example are actions of the Kurds to bring tourismdown in the east of Turkey. This paper is a first attempt to model somerelevant aspects of these prey–predator relations. The country tries tomaximize profits from the tourism industry, where profit is defined asthe difference between revenue from the tourism industry and the sumof expenditures on tourism industry investments and expenditures onenforcement associated with reducing terrorism. It turns out that, forreasonable parameter values, the optimal trajectory exhibits a cyclicalstrategy. The interpretation is that, after starting out with a low numberof tourists and terrorists, tourism investments are undertaken toincrease tourism. This attracts terrorists reducing the effect of tourisminvestments. Therefore, investment declines and so does the number oftourists. This makes it less attractive for terrorists to act, so we are backin the original situation, where the whole thing starts again.

Key Words：Hopf bifurcation, limit cycles, tourism industry, law
enforcement.

1. Introduction
International tourism is the world largest item of trade and represents
a major industry in over 100 nations. Yet, a few terrorists can have a decisive
and crippling impact on travel patterns and the economies of countries.
1Professor, Department of Operations Research and Systems Theory, Vienna University of
Technology, Vienna, Austria.
2Professor, Institute of Management, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
3Professor, Department of Econometrics and CentER, Tilburg University, Tilburg,
Netherlands.
4Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics and Decision Support Systems, University of
Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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0022-3239
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0200-0283$19.50
0  2001 Plenum Publishing Corporation
284 JOTA: VOL. 108, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2001
Terrorism, in its international and domestic forms and as practiced by revolutionary
and vigilante groups, has become a fact of life since the 1980s. The
reporting of terrorists activities in tourist destinations can affect adversely
the level of business in tourist locations. In extreme cases, violence can
undermine a country tourism industry for a shorter or longer period. There
is a substantial literature on the relationships between terrorism and tourism;
see e.g. Refs. 1–3.
The recurrent outbreaks of terrorism in Egypt show that the belief that
the government had permanently rid the country of terrorists is not justified.
The Islamic radicals began their campaign of violence in Egypt in 1992.
After their success in 1993, when their own casualties were roughly half
those of the police, the government pursuit seemed to have gradually limited
the extremists to the southern provinces. However, the most obvious lesson
of the series of bomb attacks by Islamist terrorists was that terrorism is
devilishly hard to stamp out. In September 1997, the Egyptian government
thought that it had defeated its terrorists. Over the past five years, the
government had swept thousand本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。