英语论文网

Tourism Essay-全球旅游业的形成

全球旅游业已经发展成为一个全球最大的经济部门，它贡献了35%的全球服务出口（世界旅游组织，2008）。从2006年旅游业每天二十亿美元收入,在1950年到2006年国际旅游人数每年增长6.5%，证明了该行业的可持续性(同上)。世界旅游组织也预测2020年国际游客人数达到16亿，显示整个世界的旅游业发展潜力（同上）。

有一种普遍的乐观情绪，旅游可能是一个强大的和有益的经济和社会变革的代理人（Wall and Mathieson，2006）。根据Shah和Gupta（2006）旅游已成为在发达国家和不发达国家的经济，人们的生活和社会文化的发展影响显著的一个行业。例如，在马尔代夫，旅游业对社会经济发展有着显著的贡献。从1997年每一千人中的121人到2004年的每一千人中的35人，这是一个几乎百分之百的识字率的提升和婴儿死亡率的下降。在同一时期，平均预期寿命从47岁增加到67岁（开发计划署，2006）。然而，一些作者（Sharpley，1994；Wall and Mathieson，2006）声称，从旅游中产生的主要利益到达不到社会的贫困阶层，而且在发展中国家东道国承担环境成本和社会成本。

在巴基斯坦，不同地区对旅游活动的需求量也在不断增加。从1997到2005，总游客人数从1996年的368700 增加到2005年的798300。旅游业在国民生产总值和就业方面发挥着重要作用。据世界旅游理事会2006的报告，巴基斯坦旅游业贡献了6.3%的GDP和5.1%的就业机会（WTTC 2006）。

The Globally Tourism Has Been Evolved Tourism Essay

Globally tourism has been evolved into one of the largest economic sector contributing 35% of global exports of services (UNWTO, 2008). The two billion USD per day earnings from the tourism industry in 2006 and the 6.5% growth in international tourist arrivals per year throughout 1950 to 2006 proved the sustainability of this sector (ibid). UNWTO also predicted 1.6 billion international tourist arrivals worldwide by 2020 which shows the growth potential of tourism sector throughout the world (ibid).

There is a widespread optimism that tourism might be a powerful and beneficial agent of both economic and social change (Wall and Mathieson, 2006). According to Shah and Gupta (2006) tourism has become a significant industry both in poor and rich countries due to its positive impacts on the economy, people's livelihoods and socio-cultural development. For example, in Maldives, tourism contributed significantly into socio-economic development. There is an almost hundred percent of literacy and infant mortality rate went from 121 per thousand in 1977 to 35 per thousand in 2004. In the same period, average life expectancy at birth increased from 47 years to 67 years (UNDP, 2006). However, some authors (Sharpley, 1994; Wall and Mathieson, 2006) claimed that major benefits generated by tourism do not reach to the poorer sections of the society in developing countries and furthermore host countries bear the environmental and social costs.

In Pakistan, demand for tourist activities is increasing in different regions. From 1997 to 2005, the total visitor arrivals have increased from 368700 in 1996 to 798300 in 2005 (Ministry of Tourism 2006). Tourism plays an important role in terms of GDP and employment. According to World Tourism and Travel Council 2006 report, tourism contributed 6.3% to GDP and 5.1% in job creation in Pakistan (WTTC 2006).

The state of Azad Kashmir which is under control by the Pakistani government has a potential for tourism more than others. According to the Azad Kashmir tourism and archaeology department 2011 report, the main tourist attractions spot in Azad Kashmir are Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot, Banjonsa and Neelam valley which attracts a number of domestic and foreign tourists. To develop tourism industry in Azad Kashmir, the governments of Azad Kashmir and Pakistan have increased the tourism development budget from 7.3 million PKR in 2005-06 to 200 million PKR in 2010-11(Chari et al 2011).

Azad Kashmir has six districts namely Poonch, Muzzafarabad, Sudhonati, Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber. According to Earthquake Reconstruction & Rehabilit