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论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-10-04编辑:steelbeezxp点击率:15396
论文字数:8000论文编号:org200910041639288196语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:MotivationLeadershipOrganizationAmerican TheoriesAbroad
Motivation, Leadership,and Organization:Do American Theories Apply Abroad?
well-known experiment used in organizational
behavior courses involves showing the
class an ambiguous picture—one that can be
interpreted in two different ways. One such
picture represents either an attractive young
girl or an ugly old woman, depending on the
way you look at it. Some of my colleagues
and I use the experiment, which demonstrates
how different people in the same situation
may perceive quite different things.
We start by asking half of the class to close
their eyes while we show the other half a slightly altered version of the picture—one in
which only the young girl can be seen—for
only five seconds. Then we ask those who
just saw the young girl's picture to close their
eyes while we give the other half of the class
a five-second look at a version in which only
the old woman can be seen. After this
preparation we show the ambiguous picture
to everyone at the same time.
The results are amazing—most of
those "conditioned" by seeing the young girl
first see only the young girl in the ambiguouspicture, and those "conditioned" by seeing
the old woman tend to see only the old
woman. We then ask one of those who perceive
the old woman to explain to one of
those who perceive the young girl what he or
she sees, and vice versa, until everyone
finally sees both images in the picture. Each
group usually finds it very difficult to get its
views across to the other one and sometimes
there's considerable irritation at how
"stupid" the other group is.
CULTURAL CONDITIONING
I use this experiment to introduce a discussion
on cultural conditioning. Basically, it
shows that in five seconds 1 can condition
half a class to see something different from
what the other half sees. If this is so in the
simple classroom situation, how much
stronger should differences in perception of
the same reality be between people who have
been conditioned by different education and
life experience—not for five seconds, but for
twenty, thirty, or forty years?
I define culture as the collective
mental programming of the people in an environment.
Culture is not a characteristic of
individuals; it encompasses a number of
people who were conditioned by the same
education and life experience. When we
speak of the culture of a group, a tribe, a
geographical region, a national minority, or
a nation, culture refers to the collective
mental programming that these people have
in common; the programming that is different
from that of other groups, tribes,
regions, minorities or majorities, or nations.
Culture, in this sense of collective
mental programming, is often difficult to
change; if it changes at all. It does so slowly.
This is so not only because it exists in the
minds of the people but, if it is shared by a
number of people, because it has become
crystallized in the institutions these people
have built together: their family structures,
educational structures, religious organizations,
associations, forms of government,
work organizations, law, literature, settlement
patterns, buildings and even, as I hope
to show, scientific theories. All of these reflect
common beliefs that derive from the
common culture.
Although we are all conditioned by
cultural influences at ma本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。