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论文作者:英语论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2010-01-14编辑:steelbeezxp点击率:24306
论文字数:5700论文编号:org201001142016521341语种:英语 English地区:芬兰价格:免费论文
关键词:Productivity Challengeproductivity revolutionIBM
The New Productivity Challenge
The author comments
The chief economic priority for developed countries must be to raise the productivity of knowledge and service work as the new challenge.(背景)
Knowledge and service workers rang fro research scientists and cardiac surgeons through draftwomen and store managers too 16-year-olds .(概念)
The author thinks that capital cannot be substituted for labour. In knowledge and service work, capital and technology are tools of production.(理论基础) [ example]
The main force behind the productivity explosion is working smarter as Taylor called.
In knowledge and service work, the first question in increasing productivity is the definition of task.
The second is to concentrate the work.
The defining performance is the third step toward working smarter.
The fourth step towards working smarter is for management to form a partnership with the people who hold the jobs.
The last component for working is continuous learning.(方法)
Today we know that productivity is the true source of competitive advantage. To raise the productivity of service work cannot be done by governmental action or by politics altogether. It is the task of managers and executives in businesses and nonprofit organizations. It is, in fact, the first social responsibility of management in the knowledge society. (结论)
The single greatest challenge facing managers in the developed countries of the world is to raise the productivity of knowledge and service workers. This challenge, which will dominate the management agenda for the next several decades, will ultimately determine the competitive performance of companies. Even more important, it will determine the very fabric of society and the quality of life in every industrialized nation.
For the last 120 years, productivity in making and moving things -- in manufacturing, farming, mining, construction, and transportation -- has risen in developed countries at an annual rate of 3% to 4%, a 45-fold expansion overall. On this explosive growth rest all the gains these nations and their citizens have enjoyed: vast increases in disposable income and purchasing power; ever-wider access to education and health care; and the availability of leisure time, something known only to aristocrats and the "idle rich" before 1914, when everyone else worked at least 3,000 hours a year. (Today even the Japanese work no more than about 2,000 hours each year, while Americans average 1,800 hours and West Germans 1,650.)
Now these gains are unraveling, but not because productivity in making and moving things has fallen. Contrary to popular belief, productivity in these activities is still going up at much the same rate. And it is rising fully as much in the United States as it is in Japan or West Germany. Indeed, the increase in U.S. manufacturing productivity during the 1980s -- some 3.9% a year -- was actually larger in absolute terms than the corresponding annual increases in Japan and Germany, while the 4% to 5% annual rise in U.S. agricultural productivity is far and away the largest recorded anywhere at any time.本论文由英语论文网www.51lunwen.org整理提供
The productivity revolution is over because there are too few people employed in making and moving things for their productivity to be decisive. All told, they account for no more than one-fifth of the work force in developed economies. Only 30 years ago, they were still a near-majority. Even Japan, which is still man本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。