摘要:在过去的三十年,国际商业的运作环境开始受制于全球化力量和日益增加的全球一体化。甚至可以说,全球化已经成为今天经济学的专有名词。因此,为了全球一体化,我们越来越需要减少国与国之间的贸易壁垒。为了支持这一观点,世界贸易组织多哈发展议程(也称为多哈会谈)指出,“非农业市场准入(NAMA)谈判小组的任务是减少或者适当的消除关税,其中包括减少或消除关税高峰及高关税,关税升级,以及非关税壁垒,特别是对发展中国家出口产品的利息。” 因此,非关税措施的经济重要性(NTMs)成为全世界许多国家的主要问题。
ise in Geneva into a transparency instrument that involves the stakeholders in the country under review.
This implies that the process of writing reviews should become open to public scrutiny and allow for improved stakeholder participation. Such changes would facilitate greater analytical depth and critical rigour, and they would instil a sense of domestic ownership. A further step would be to present and discuss the TPRs in the country under review.
Success with this enabling long-term agenda could give meaning and energy to the WTO. It might even go some way in compensating for the damage to the prestige of the WTO resulting from the Doha quagmire.
3.0 Classification of Non-Tariffs measures
There are several types of non-tariff measures imposed by trading countries. According to the typology of NTMs drawn up by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), these include non-tariff charges, quantitative restrictions, government participation in trade and similar restrictive policies, customs procedures and administrative policies, and finally, technical standards (UNCTAD 1994).
These measures increase the cost of production for companies serving in foreign markets, raising entry barriers with higher up-front costs and diminishing the ability of firms to compete in the process. The costs depend on the stringency of measures adopted, the required speed of implementation, the nature of the supply chain and the technical measures already in place in the exporter’s domestic market (OECD 2001). Thus, middle-income developing countries that already have relatively stringent technical and health standards, for example, might not experience a very high cost of adjustment vis-à-vis the NTMs adopted in developed export markets.
Studies that examine the extent of NTM application in different countries often employ a classification system to distinguish among the myriad measures. One classification is the UNCTAD’s Coding System of Trade Control Measures. This system segregates NTMs into:
price control measures;
Finance measures;
automatic licensing measures;
quantity control measures;
monopolistic measures; and
technical measures.
Sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS), as well as technical barriers to trade (TBT), fall under the last group (technical measures), and are often found under the subcategories on product characteristics requirements and testing, and inspection and quarantine requirements.
The World Trade Organization (WTO), for its part, maintains the Negotiating Group on Market Access for Non-agricultural Products (NAMA) Inventory of Non-tariff Measures. This list groups NTMs into:
government participation in trade and restrictive practices tolerated by the government;
customs and administrative entry procedures;
technical barriers to trade;
sanitary and phytosanitary measures;
specific limitations; and
charges on imports.
The final source for the core NTMs Database is the World Trade Organization’s TPR. Measures are compiled from those mentioned in the “Trade Policies and Practices by Measure” section of the TPR. Within this section, most nontariff measures are summarised in the introduction followed by
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