摘要:在过去的三十年,国际商业的运作环境开始受制于全球化力量和日益增加的全球一体化。甚至可以说,全球化已经成为今天经济学的专有名词。因此,为了全球一体化,我们越来越需要减少国与国之间的贸易壁垒。为了支持这一观点,世界贸易组织多哈发展议程(也称为多哈会谈)指出,“非农业市场准入(NAMA)谈判小组的任务是减少或者适当的消除关税,其中包括减少或消除关税高峰及高关税,关税升级,以及非关税壁垒,特别是对发展中国家出口产品的利息。” 因此,非关税措施的经济重要性(NTMs)成为全世界许多国家的主要问题。
e administration of bilateral agreements under the Multi- Fibre Arrangement and, more recently, the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing and it also promotes an Orderly
Marketing Agreements.
An import licence is not granted automatically. The licence may either be issued on a discretionary basis or may require specific criteria to be met before it is granted. The uses of the products need also to be specified. E.g. Licence to import steel is granted only if it is used for the construction of a bridge. Non economic licences can also be granted for religious, moral, cultural or even political reasons. E.g. Imports of alcoholic beverages are permitted only by hotels and restaurants.
A quota is a restriction of importation of specified products through the setting of a maximum quantity or value authorized for import.
We have different types of quotas;
Global quota
Global Quotas are established on the basis of the total quantity or value of imports of specific products. It is classified in 2 sub section; i.e. Unallocated quotas which uses the system of fist come first serve (e.g. Imports of wheat is subject to a maximum limit of 20 million tons per year from any country) and Quotas allocated to exporting countries whereby the quotas are pre-allocated among exporters (e.g. Imports of wheat is subject to a maximum limit of 20 million tons per year allocated to exporting countries according to the average export performance of the past three years).
Bilateral quotas
Bilateral quotas are for a specific exporting country. E.g. a maximum of 10 million tons of sugar may be imported from a certain Country.
Seasonal quotas
Seasonal quotas are established for a given period of the year, usually set for certain agricultural goods when domestic harvest is in abundance. An example will be quota for import of strawberries is established for imports from March to June each year.
Quotas linked with purchase of local goods
It is the percentages bought by the local importer.
Quotas for non-economic reasons
Non economic quotas enclose religious, moral or cultural and political aspects of the quota.
Tariff Rate Quotas
It is a system of multiple tariff rates applicable to a same product: the lower rates apply up to a certain value or volume of imports, and the higher rates are charged on imports which exceed this amount.
Quotas linked with domestic production
Compulsory linkage of imports (of materials or parts) with local production Example: Import of coal is limited to the amount used in the previous year in the production of electricity.
Other criteria like prohibition, suspension and different types agreement of certain products are also included under this heading.
3.1.4 Taxes other than customs tariff
Tax Measures, other than tariffs measures that increase the cost of imports in a similar manner, i.e. by fixed percentage or by a fixed amount.
Customs Surcharges, Service charges like (Custom inspection, processing and servicing fees and Merchandise handling or storing fees), and additional taxes are the different types of tax that a certain type of products need to abide.
3.1.5 Finance measures
Financial measures are in
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