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论文作者:英语论文论文属性:学术文章 Scholarship Essay登出时间:2014-12-05编辑:yangcheng点击率:19359
论文字数:6622论文编号:org201412042326188732语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:兹涅茨曲线分析environmental Kuznets国民核算论文留学生论文
摘要:本文是对毛里求斯的环境库兹涅茨曲线分析的留学生国民核算论文,本文试图通过考察碳排放的情况及其对国内生产总值(GDP)影响来估计毛里求斯的环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC),同时分析通货膨胀率、失业率和人口规模这些变量与GDP和碳排放之间的直接或间接联系。文章考察了毛里求斯在1990 - 2010年期间的经济增长与碳排放之间的关系。
Environmental Kuznets Curve definition and graphical illustration
The EKC follows the name of Nobel Laureate Simon Kuznets who had remarkably hypothesized an inverted ‘U’ income-inequality relationship (Kuznets, 1955). In the 1990s economists detected this relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. Since then this relationship is known as Environmental Kuznets Curve.
According to the EKC theory as a country develops, the pollution increases, but after reaching a specific level of economic progress pollution begin to decrease. The EKC hypothesis suggests that environmental degradation is something unavoidable at the first stage of economic growth, so a developing country is forced to tolerate this degradation in order to develop. In a graphical representation the x-axis symbolize the economic growth which is measured by GDP per capita and the y-axis represents the environmental degradation which is measured by many different pollution indicators like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, deforestation etc.
The shapes of the Environmental Kuznets Curves
The relation between income and environmental pressure can be sketched in several ways; firstly, one can distinguish monotonic and non-monotonic curves. Monotonic curves may show either mounting pollution with rising incomes, as in the case of municipal waste per capita or decreasing. But, non-monotonic patterns may be more probable in other cases and two types have been recommended, namely inverted-U and N-shaped curves. The pattern discovered in experiential research depends on the types of pollutants scrutinised and the models that have been used for inference. Four speculative opinions are presented in favour of an inverted-U curve for (local) air pollutants, which are listed as:
Positive income elasticity’s for environmental quality,
Structural changes in production and consumption,
Rising information on environmental consequences of economic activities as income rises and
More international trade and more open political systems with increasing levels of income (Selden and Song 1994).
Others, for example Pezzey (1989), argued that such inverted-U relationships may not hold in the long run. They anticipated a so-called N-shaped curve which demonstrated the same pattern as the inverted-U cu本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。