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>   2.2.2 The Use of French in English
   Although the loss of inflections and the consequent simplification of English grammar were indirectly due to the use ofFrench in English, French influence was much more direct andobservable upon the vocabulary. Some French words replacedOld English words, such as crime replaced firen and uncle replaced eam . Some compound words consisted ofFrench components and Old English components, such as theFrench gentle and the Germanic man formed gentleman .Both French and Old English with the similar meanings survived in the modern English, such as wish and desire ,answer and reply , yearly and annually , ask anddemand , and so on.
    2.2.3 The Decline of French and Reestablishment of EnglishFor 200 years after the Norman Conquest, French wasmore or less necessary for the English upper class. But forsome social changes, the dominant status of French became increasingly changing so that more and more people spoke English in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
   2.2.3.1 The Influence of Wars on the Development of EnglishIn 1204 AD, King John lost the province of Normandy tothe King of France, which made the Norman nobles of Englandbecome increasingly estranged from their French cousins. Thenobility gradually relinquished their continental estates. Consequently the nobility adopted modified English as their nativetongue.
   The Hundred Year s War began in 1337. This war lastedfor about one hundred years and ended in 1453. During allthat time it was impossible to forget that French was the language of an enemy country. The Hundred Years War wasprobably to be reckoned as one of the causes contributing tothe disuse of French.     2.2.3.2 Reestablishment of English in Schools and ParliamentsIn 1348 English replaced Latin as the medium of instruction in schools, except for Oxford and Cambridge which retained Latin. In 1362, The Statute of Pleading replaced Frenchwith English as the language of law. English was used in Parliament for the first time. In 1388 Parliament required allguilds to submit the reports in English or Latin instead ofFrench.    Such changing conditions heavily influenced the populationof French-speaking part. In the fourteenth century English wonits way back into universal use, and in the fifteenth centuryEnglish became the language of the whole country once moreand French gradually disappeared.2.3 Early-Modern English (1500-1800)With the 16th century Renaissance, English was developed into Modern English. Modern English can be divided intoEarly -Modern English (from16th to 18th) and Late -ModernEnglish (from 18th century to nowadays).2.3.1 The Influence of the RenaissanceThe next wave of innovation in English came with theRenaissance. Chronologically it was usually taken to fall in the15th and 16th centuries, occurring earliest in Italy and later inEngland. In a more limited sense it implied what was formerlycalled the revival of learning. English in the Renaissance wasmuch more plastic than now. People felt freer to mold it totheir wills. Words had not always distributed themselves intorigid grammatical categories.    2.3.2 The Advent of the Printing PressThe advent of the printing press was also the major factorin the development of Modern English. In 1476 William Caxton brought the printing press to England. With the advent ofthe pri