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d  saturated  (Ran,  2006).  Most  researches  made  so  far are  from  different  perspectives.  Under  the  discursive  pragmatics  which  is  the combination  of  pragmatics  and  discourse,  figure  of  speech,  genre,  humor,  discourse analysis,  cohesion  and  coherence  and  so  on,  have  been  made.  In  the  area  of experimental pragmatics, most speech acts like request, apology, refusal, gratitude, or pragmatic  competence  draw  many  scholars’  attention.  Some  analyze  the  affecting factors of interaction in specific situations, such as politeness, listener response。  Previous  researches  about  pragmatic  competence  under  various  labels:  speech acts,  conversational  implicatures,  routines,  indirect  utterances  and  implied  speaker’s intentions.  The  researches  touch  the  linguistic  proficiency  effect  on  pragmatic competence,  the  development  of  pragmatic  competence,  the  relationship  between pragmatic  competence  and  production.  Also,  many  researches  examine  learner’s pragmatic use of politeness features like honorifics, speech styles and address terms. Teaching  pragmatics  is  beneficial  to  second  and  foreign  language  learners  (Kasper, 1997; Kasper & Rose, 2006). These researches are mainly made in the areas of speech acts  and  conversational  implicatures.  Some  scholars  study  the  professionally  defined or  formulaic  interactional  patterns,  such  as,  lawyer  and  client,  doctor  and  patient, interviewer and interviewee, officer and citizen (Lehtinen, 2007; Lipovsky, 2006; Van der  Houwen,  2009;  Marsden  &  Holmes,  2013).  The  result  of  interaction  between patients  and  doctors  shows  that  there  is  an  information  gap  between  doctors  and patients, and doctors need to communicate with patients frequently. And also empathy can help patients to follow the doctor’s advice better. 
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2.2 Previous Studies on Pragmatic Competence in China  
In  China,  many  scholars  have  studied  the  pragmatic  competence  from  different perspectives.  From  the  perspective  of  experimental  pragmatics,  many  scholars  in  China  have made  experiments  to  study  the  pragmatic  competence  (Jiang,  2004;  Liu,  2006;  Li  & Jiang, 2014; Jiang & Zhou, 2012; He & Gao, 2010; Duan & Wannaruk, 2008). Jiang (2004) makes a comparison of the strategy of apology between Chinese students and Australian  students.  The  result  shows  that  both  Chinese  college  students  and Australia本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。