摘要:本文是英语语言学论文,本文探讨了反语理解的认知神经基础,并从模块性的角度分析了分级显著理论的局限性。凭借更为整合的理论框架,我们指出未来的研究应该如何探究反语理解中不同阶段的动态关系,也从多个角度探讨了如何整合临床人群的研究。
or nativespeakers. To take irony as an example, a child begins to understand irony between 6 to13 years of age, and adults may not distinguish irony or sarcasm from deception(Creusere, 2000; Dews et al., 1996; Hancock, Dunham, & Purdy, 2000). This isparticularly important as figurative language makes up a significant part of our dailycommunication. Pollio, Barlow, Fine, and Pollio (1977) observed that every singleperson used millions of novel and frozen metaphors during their life. Gibbs (2000)pointed out that there was an irony every eight conversational turns. Searle (1985) oncesaid, “speak idiomatically unless there is some reason not to do so”. Clearly, figurativelanguage is important in social interaction.Therefore, the research of irony under psycholinguistic perspective will help toreveal the mechanism of pragmatic abilities, shed light on the interaction of language and cognitive abilities, and make predictions on clinical groups for the purpose ofproviding ways to diagnose or intervene the diseases.
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Chapter TwoLiterature Review
2.1 Introduction
In this part, we will review the literature of irony comprehension from two aspects:theoretical research and empirical research. The theoretical research includes standardpragmatic modal, relevance theory, tinge hypothesis, pretense theory, and direct accesstheory. Empirical research mainly consists of ERPs studies and fMRI studies.
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2.2 Theoretical Studies of Irony Comprehension
In his pioneering work (Grice, 1975), Grice distinguishes between sentencemeaning and utterance meaning in communication, and also coins a new termimplicatue for the intended meaning. In details, he describes how communicatormanaged to understand irony. In the standard pragmatic model, verbal irony isunderstood by two steps. At first, the listener comprehends the sentence meaning, andthen by finding the misfit in the context, he reinterprets utterance meaning based oncooperative principles. For example, one of your friends A says something bad aboutyou and finally you find out the fact. If another person knows the fact and once asksabout A, you may say “He is definitely a good friend”. By doing so, you actually breakthe maxim of quality, so the listener knows what you have said is actually verbal irony.Relevance theory holds that relevance is the core of human communication system,and two basic principles in relevance theoretic processing have been involved in thecomprehension of irony. They are cognitive principle and communicative principle(Wilson & Sperber, 2012).Cognitive principle means that human cognition tends to be geared to themaximization of relevance.Communicative principle means that every utterance conveys presumptions of itsown optimal relevance.It is important to make clear how the relevance theory defines the meaning of“relevance” at the first place. Based on the two principles, they propose that relevance isa function of cognitive effects and processing efforts.Based on the theoretical framework, they tend to explain irony comprehensionaccordingly. In relevance theory, the context is significant in the inference process.Therefore, literal or non-literal interpretation is understood in the same way, and theonly difference is the attitude attached to the echoically mentioned opinion.
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Chapter Three Theoretical Framework....19
3.1 Basic Concepts in the Grade
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