英语论文网

any new designof the shape, pattern, color, or their combination,of a product, which creates an aesthetic feeling and isfit for industrial application.( 专利法所称外观设计,是指对产品的形状、图案、色彩或者结合所做出的富有美感并适用于工业上应用的新设计) 。通过例句我们可以看出, 没有像普通英语中那样采用承前省略结构的形式, 而是不厌其烦地一次又一次地使用完全主谓句结构, 以体现法律英语语言的严谨性和规范性。
3.被动句的大量使用。在法律文献中, 为了保持法律语言的准确性、客观性,避免主观臆断之嫌,许多话多用被动式表达, 而译成汉语时常喜欢使用主动句。例( 5) :The separation of power principle has notbeen fully and completely realized in our constitutionalstructure.( 三权分立原则还没有在我国宪法中得到充分和完全的体现) 。例( 6) :When a controversy is presented to a courtor a lawyer, the immediate problem is to find the appropriatecode provision covering the situation andthen to apply it to the problem at hand.( 当法院或律师遇到一项争端时,其迫在眉睫的问题是查出与案情有关的适当的法典条文,然后把该条文适用于手头的问题) 。例( 7) :It is now accepted as a scientific fact thatno two people has the same finger- prints.( 如今人们把没有两个人有相同的指纹看做是科学事实) 。
4.并列结构的大量使用。法律英语中常用同义词或近义词并列结构,尤其是and 或or 引导的并列结构。这种词汇并列使用的目的是通过词义的相互补充而规定义务或权利的确切范围,词语并列是法律英语形式上古体性和表达上确切性相结合的体现。而译成汉语时要符合汉语的习惯, 比如:例( 8) : ⋯make amendment to and revisions ofthis Contract as and when the need arises (⋯在必要时修改合同)。例( 9) : The client agrees to furnish and providethe lawyer with relevant information such as⋯ (当事人同意向律师提供⋯有关的信息)。用or 引导的选择性并列结构,是为了使法律文书所述的内容更加严谨、全面,不留漏洞。例( 10) : No freedom shall be taken, or imprisoned,or be discussed of this freehold, or liberties, orfree customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any otherwisedestroyed; nor will we pass upon him, nor condemn,but by lawful judgment to his judges, or by lawof the land(凡自由民,除经法官依照国家法律进行合法审判外,不得加以扣留、监禁、没收其财产、剥夺其自由或免税权利、法律保护权利或加以放逐、传讯、逮捕、判罪)。
5.长句的大量使用。正式的法律条规和文本中由于对中心词的限定过多, 对某一法律概念成立的条件限定很多, 所以法律英语的长句居多, 短句少。而译成汉语时要尽量符合汉语的习惯。( 1) 定语从句由于法律英语要求其规范的内容明确,其调整的法律关系清晰, 所以限定性定语从句运用得较普遍。例( 11) :After a civil act has been determined tobe null and void or has been rescinded, the partywho acquired property as a result of the act shall returnit to the party who suffered a loss.( 民事行为被确认为无效或者被撤销后, 当事人因该行为取得的财产, 应当返还给受损失的一方) 。例(12): As a lawyer, your goal is to convert thefacts from you