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ic action by governments and international donors.
As the scale of tourism grows, the resource use threatens to become unsustainable. With a degraded physical environment, the destination is in danger of losing its original attraction, increasing the levels of cheaper mass tourism and forcing more “nature-based” tourism to move on to new destinations, which are likely to be even more inaccessible and fragile. Mainstream “ecotourism”, as promoted after the Rio Earth Summit, hasn’t always enjoyed a good reputation.
Tourism’s concern for the environment has also changed dramatically over time.
Up to the middle of this century, the environment was mainly exploited for use and enjoyment .The past four decades saw a shift from an increasing awareness of the environment impact of tourism to the creation of harmonious relationships between environment and tourism as manifested in ecotourism and tourism on a sustainable basis (Hudman, 1991) .In many national tourism development plans, there is an increasing emphasis on the environment.
 
2.2 Tourism and economics
Economic gains have been a major driving force for the growth of tourism in developing countries. The initial period of growth happened in the late 1960’s and 1970’s, when tourism was perceived as a key activity for generating foreign ex-change and employment by both development institutions, such as the World Bank, as well as by governments.
Despite the negative economic impacts of tourism (such as inflation; dominance by outsiders in land and property markets; inward-migration eroding economic opportunities for domestic industry including the poor) the demand for travel and tourism continues to grow. (David Sibbet, Karen Stratvert, 1992). The WTTC has estimated there was an approximate 40% cumulative growth in tourism demand between 1990 and 2000. This demand was largely driven by economic gains at all levels, including in the communities in remote, and hitherto relatively isolated, destinations.
In most tourist destinations of developing countries, the livelihood impacts of tourism, takes various forms. Jobs and wages are only a part of livelihood gains and often not the most significant ones. Tourism can generate four different types of local cash income, involving four distinct categories of people:
1. Wages from formal employment.
2. Earnings from  selling goods, services, or casual labor (e.g. food, crafts, building materials, guide services).
3. Dividends and profits arising from locally-owned enterprises.
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3. The strategies to develop sustainable tourism

 

3.1 Tourism and government
The public sectors, particularly national and local government, have an important role to play by setting the agenda and providing the framework in which action should take place. The regulatory environment also plays an important role in creating the conditions suitable for sustainable tourism. Therefore, the role of trade associations and industry organizations in distributing information among their members and encouraging participation is essential.
The first point of action needed from Governments is to incorporate Agenda 21 principles into tourism policies at international and national level, and to promote their inclusion in regional and local tourism strategies. By providing such a lead and establishing a coherent global framework based on Agenda 21, national governments will make a vital contribut本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。