摘要:外商投资分析一直是留学生论文中的热点话题,但是很少有人针对外商直接投资的数量和分布的变化做出分析,本文站在此角度进行分析,评估了与外商直接投资有关的相关数据和业务环境,识别和应用理论概念和框架来评估和比较不同的国家或区域的商业环境。
an countries received comparatively little FDI. Sub-
Saharan Africa has received 6% of world FDI in 1980 but its share has since
Decreased to 0.5% in 2000 and 2.2% at present. This in part reflects that large
Countries attract a lot of FDI since these economies also have the largest markets. In
Fact, controlling for market size, the inward stock as a per cent of GDP is 34% in sub-
Saharan Africa, 28% in developing countries, and 21% in developed countries
(UNCTAD, 2005). Several Asian countries (though not the continent as a whole) have
Been able to attract an even large value of inward FDI compared to their market size,
Reflecting their relative success in attracting FDI for export markets (in contrast the
High value of FDI recorded in Latin America previously).
Outward FDI from developing countries has risen sharply over the past two decades
And a half from negligible amounts (Lall, 1983; Kumar, 1995; Page 1998; Aykut and
Ratha, 2003, and UNCTAD, 2004a). Most FDI has been by Asian firms establishing
Footholds in other Asian countries but there has also been investment in developed
Countries such as the EU. China is now a major investor in Africa, and India is the
Sixth largest investor in the UK. Total investment by developing countries began to
Rise from about 4% before the 1990s to 6% by 1990, and after a peak in the 1990s before the Asian crisis, has remained around 6–7% of the total. South–South flows are estimated (as a residual, and noting challenges regarding data and
methodology) to have risen from 5% in
1994 to 30% in 2000 of the total FDI inflows to developing countries, see Aykut and
Ratha (2003). The composition of FDI flows has shifted markedly over time. In 1914, 70% of US
FDI in developing countries was in agriculture, mining or petroleum; 26% was in
Services; and just 1% in manufacturing. In 1998 these figures were 14%, 59% and
27% respectively (Twomey 2000, Table 3.14, p. 55). There has thus been a marked
Change from natural resources FDI towards knowledge-intensive activities. Table 3
Shows that the inward stock was already skewed towards manufacturing and services
In 1990, but increasingly so towards services in the past 15 years in both developed
And developing countries. Countries such as India have been able to attract increasing
Amounts of FDI in high value-added services, though other developing countries
(Ghana, South Africa, Mauritius, Caribbean countries), have also attracted FDI in
Contact centres.
Table1 Inward stock, by sector, 1990–2003
(US dollar millions)
1990 2003
developed
developing
world
Developed
developing
world
Primary
145404
24727
170131
428831
143993
594321
Manufacturing
595142
150410
745552
2081645
779112
2876102
Services
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