留学生MBA论文代写:为消除贫困和发展的基础设施支持 [7]
论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2016-09-08编辑:cinq点击率:14884
论文字数:6000论文编号:org201609081703554995语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:留学生MBA论文代写消除贫困基础设施
摘要:本文是留学生MBA论文代写范文,主要内容是讨论发展一个可持续的资金架构用来支持肯尼亚的道路运输,并且阐述道路网络直接影响到国家的经济发展水平。
S BY PUBLIC-PRIVATE SECTOR PARTNERSHIPS 私营部门合作伙伴关系的资助道路
PPP, is a contractual relationship between the public and private sector where: the private sector finances the development of a road or part of it; the cost and return is met through performance related payment over time to the private sector for a service (the payment may include levies and tolls); each of the contracting parties contributes according to their key strengths. The agreements usually involve a government agency contracting with a private company to renovate, construct, operate, maintain and/or manage a facility or system. While the public sector usually retains ownership of the facility or system, the private party gets decision rights in determining how the project or task will be completed.
Globally, there exist several types of PPP structures and they differentiate upon the responsibilities and risk allocation between the public and private sectors. The PPP spectrum range from a simple commercialization of assets that remain under public ownership to full privatization of facilities, with several schemes in between that may involve joint public-private financing. The World Bank (2004) classifies private involvement in road infrastructure provision into four categories;
Concessions: Which occur when a private entity takes over the management of a state owned road for a given period of time during which it also assumes significant investment risks. Concession schemes can be classified into the following categories; a) Rehabilitate-Operate-Transfer (ROT); b) Rehabilitate-Lease-Transfer (RLT); c) Rehabilitate-Rent-Transfer (RRT); d) Build-Rehabilitate-Operate-Transfer (BROT).
Greenfield Projects: In which a private entity or a public-private joint venture builds and operates a new road project for the period specified in the contract. The project usually returns to the public sector at the end of the concession period. Greenfield projects can be classified into the following categories; a) Build-Lease-Own (BLO); b) Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT); c) Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT); C) Build-Own-Operate (BOO).
Divestures: These occur when a private entity buys an equity stake in a state-owned toll road company through an asset sale, public offering, or mass privatization program. Divestures are categorized into two; a) full and b) partial.
Management and Lease Contracts: In which a private entity takes over the management of a state-owned road project for a given period. The road project is owned by the public sector, and investment decisions and financial responsibilities also remain with that sector.
The Government of Kenya (GoK) has for a while been tinkering with the idea of concessioning the bussiest network of roads- the Northern Corridor (Mombasa-Nairobi-Malaba and Mau Summit-Kisumu-Busia). Even though traffic flows along this network, at 2000-3000 vehicles per day (World Bank, 2003) are still relatively light by developed country standards, they are high enough to generate the benchmark 12% economic rate of return for the upgrading investment. Outside the Northern Corridor, there is little potential for conventional full road concessions using toll financing, given the light average daily traffic (ADT) flow of 500-1000 vehicles per day. World Bank (2003) however, suggests that maintenance concession using shadow tol
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