ices, the reconnection of diverse cultural groups, in the time of conflict and war, political instability, health risks and the lack of opportunities. The mobility of intellectuals and skilled personnel or emigrants from the country of origin referred to as the PUSH FACTORS of their capital flight. And there are many parallel and inverse reasons for the immigrants called PULL FACTORS to attract towards host countries.
Theoretical framework
Brain drain is studied under the theoretical frame of migration theories under the two main factors as discussed below:
Push factors:
There are certain push factors causing brain drain, to leave the less developed country to developed countries as listed below:
Substandard living conditions, dearth of conveyance, accommodation
Under-utilization of skilled and semi- skilled personnel; lack of adequate working conditions; low panorama of specialized development
Low and corroding wages
Discrimination in recruitments and promotions
Social unrest, Political instability, conflicts and wars
Lack of research facilities, including support staff; meagreness of research funds, lack of professional apparatus and tools
Lack of freedom and autonomy
Deteriorating excellence of educational system,
Why Academic intellectuals leave their Country of Origin:
Challenging socio-economic conditions (poverty, unemployment, epidemics diseases, increased rate of crime, corruption, etc.)
Poor libraries, ICT & apparatus for research
Lack of autonomy academic freedom to create literature at universities
Political instability and harassment, human rights manipulations, wars
Lack of pure democracy
Deprived payments for intellectuals and skilled personnel
Lack of self-determination and social equivalence
Lack of quality education for children
Lack of career opportunities
Lack of entrepreneurial investments
Why Students go abroad:
Poor worth of national education from the Montessori level to post graduation level
Unavailability of scholarships or financial assistance for the brilliant
Miserable infrastructure of schools, colleges and universities
Limited opportunities for higher studies students
As a decided step towards emigration, they suffered with inferiority complex, due to all the above reasons and many more pushing factors resulted to leave their point of origin.
Why Students Do Not Return:
Limited employment opportunities restrict to come back in the homeland
especially at PhD level, Course or research work not relevant to home country's state of affairs
convenience of grants for further exploration
living conditions, insufficient earning and job satisfaction in developed world
Need to send money home and support the family
Getting married to a host country's citizen to get the citizenship
Although, they suffered with many crisis as alienated in the host country including the identity crisis, diaspora and make up their own imagined communities to prevent themselves with the socio-political and religious disparities.<
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