留学生用英语:留学生媒体管类论文写作资料 [2]
论文作者:留学生论文论文属性:讲稿 Lecture Notes登出时间:2011-03-03编辑:anterran点击率:10563
论文字数:4467论文编号:org201103031035391829语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:mass media and society留学生用英语
and information over others.Even socalled structural steps aimed at opening channels for freer expression would post government in the intolerable role of super-gatekepper'(Stepp,1990:194)
4
这一正统的自由主义观点尤其是根深蒂固在美国States.For例如凯利和Donway ,两名美国政治科学家的保守的同情,认为,任何改革的媒体,但可取的,是不可接受的,如果是'为代价的监督function.And这是不可避免的cost.A新闻界说,领有牌照, franchized或规管的是受政治压力时,所涉及的问题影响到利益的当权者。 (凯利和Donway , 1990:97 )这保留重申了中间派的政治理论家,史蒂芬霍尔姆斯,作为一个反问: '难道不是每调控的媒体转换成一个“中立的论坛, ”减轻其能力,以作为partisangadfly ,调查和批评政府在积极的方式? ' (霍姆斯1990:51 ) 。即使美国分析师强烈的改革意见相同的担心: '我不能想象任何形式的内容管理,但是间接的, '写入媒体批评,卡尔斯特普,不会项目纳入政府的立场,有利于或disfavouring一些意见和信息others.Even所谓结构性的措施,旨在开放的渠道自由表达后政府将在不可容忍的作用超级gatekepper ' (斯特普, 1990:194 )
5A parallel campaign was mounted in Britain. As the media magnate,Rupert Murdoch(1989:9)succinctly put it,'public service broadcasters in this country [Britain] have paid a price for their state-sponsored privileges.That price has been their freedom'(Murdoch,1989:9;see also Adam Smith Institute,1984;Veljanovski,1989).Although this rhetoric encountered more opposition in Britain than in the United States,it influenced the government of the day.Regulation of commercial broadcasting content was reduced,and anti-monopoly restraints were eased during the 1990s(Goodwin,1998)
5 一次平行的竞选在英国展开了。 作为媒介要人,鲁珀特・ Murdoch (1989年:9)在这个国家[英国]简洁地投入了它, ‘公共业务播报员付了价格他们政府支持的特权。那个价格是他们的自由’ (Murdoch 1989年:9; 参见亚当・史密斯・ Institute 1984年; veljanovski 1989)。虽然这修辞在英国遇到了更多反对比在美国,它影响了天的政府。减少了商业广播内容的章程,在20世纪90年代(Goodwin期间,并且反垄断的克制被缓和了1998)
6 the liberal watchdog argument was effective partly because it invoked a premise which was widely accepted in relation to the press.Newspaper regulation, other than through the 'ordinary' law of the land,was vehemently opposed in both the United States and Britain on the grounds that it would muzzle criticism of government.Thus,the American Supreme Court struck down in 1974 a press right of reply law in Florida on the grounds that it would inhibit free speech, and 'chill' critical scrutiny and debate(Barron,1975).Similarly, the last Royal Commission on the Press in Britain opposed in 1977 any form of selective newspaper subsidy because 'it would involve in an obvious way the dangers of government interference in the press'(Royal Commission on the Press,1977:126)
6
自由派监督论点是有效的部分,因为它援引的前提是广泛接受的有关press.Newspaper条例,除通过'普通'法的土地,是强烈反对在美国和英国的理由将枪口government.Thus的批评,美国最高法院推翻1974年的记者答辩权在佛罗里达州的法律,理由是它会妨碍言论自由,和'冷'关键的审查和辩论(龙, 1975年) 。同样,去年皇家委员会在英国出版社在1977年反对任何形式的选择性报纸的补贴,因为'这将涉及一个明显的危险,政府干预的新闻' (皇家委员会的出版社, 1977:126 )
7 market liberals had only accepted more extensive regulation of broadcasting on the grounds that the limited number of airwave frequencies made it a 'natural monopoly'(Royal Commission on the Press,1977:9;see also Horwitz,1991).When the number of television channels multiplied with the introduction of advanced cable and satellite,this 'special case' agrument was undermined.What was right in principle for the press was now applicable,it was agrued,to broadcasting.Television should be set free.
7销售自由主义者只接受了广播的更加广泛的章程,根据广播频道频率的有限数字做了它‘自然独占’ (在新闻的皇家委员会, 1977年:9; 参见Horwitz 1991)。当电视频道的数量倍增了与先进的缆绳和卫星的介绍,这‘特殊情况’ agrument被破
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