摘要:本文的重点在传统的中国文化和社会的个人关系 - “关系”以分析其嵌入式的方法,加速中国的高尔夫产业的发展,并最终允许“团山高尔夫俱乐部”,成为世界leader1并载入“吉尼斯世界纪录大全”。
邓小平的经济改革显着(1979)吸引了成千上万的外国投资者到中国经济注入数十亿美元的现金和先进的技术。在过去的二十年里,中国的战略产业发展的政策已经成功地推广和开发不同的中国巨大的产业,如航空航天,汽车,石化等(诺兰,2001年)。但是到现在为止他们还比较缺乏竞争能力,甚至与他们的全球竞争对手相比还有很大的距离。
因此,中国经济的快速增长创造了财富,提高人民生活水平。具体而言,它孕育了中国的体育和娱乐行业的快节奏发展 - 特别是“高尔夫行业。
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Deng Xiaoping's remarkable economic reform (1979) has attracted thousands of foreign investors to inject billions of cash and advanced technology into the Chinese economy. During the last two decades, China's strategic industrial development policy has successfully promoted and developed different giant industries in China such as aerospace, motor, petrochemical and so on (Nolan, 2001). But until now none of them have the capability and capacity to compete or even compare with their world competitors.
Accordingly, China's rapid economic growth has created wealth and raised living standards. Specifically, it nurtures the fast-pace development of China's sport and recreation industry - specifically 'Golf industry'. The
history of golfing begins in Europe and North America several hundred years ago. While China has only spent 20 years developing the market, it now ranks as one of the top in Asia and even in the world. Astoundingly, in May 2004, 'Mission Hills Golf Club' in Shenzhen, China, has become a legend because it has been affirmed by the Guinness World Records? as the world's largest private golf club that owns 180 golf holes in the world.
在这项研究中,我会不会比较全世界的玩家之间不同的高尔夫球俱乐部的资产值和大小,但重要的是要讨论什么因素构成了中国高尔夫产业的快速发展,让中国的高尔夫俱乐部,成为世界的领导者。事实上,大多数学者认为,中国的经济改革和内在的环境优势放置了一个伟大的股票就可以了。例如,在正确的时间,低廉的土地和劳动力成本,这是没有问题的。然而,我的论点集中在社会,文化,心理,制度,组织和个人的背景下,这可能会涉及到其他因素导致这个令人难以置信的现象 - “关系”网络。
In this study, I shall not compare different golf clubs' asset values and sizes among the world players, but importantly to discuss what factors constitute China's golf industry rapid development and allow China's golf club to become a world leader. In fact, most scholars would argue that China's economic reform and inherent environmental advantages have placed a great stock on it. For instance, the right timing, low land and labour cost, which are not questionable. However, my arguments focus on the socio-cultural, psychological, institutional, organizational, and personal contexts, which may involve other factors that lead to this unbelievable phenomenon - The 'Guanxi' Networking.
In business context, it has been long argued that doing business in China is particularly difficult because of the high relative importance of personal networks (Wong & Leung, 2001). Research on Chinese management also suggests personal networks are essential for business success in China (Child, 1994; Redding, 1993). Additionally, Chinese generally believed that golfing is related to business, and the ones who possess a golf club's membership represents wealth, success and social status, which is the pre-condition to cultivate guanxi. Besides formal organizational meetings, golf clubs are also one of the best places for business negotiation, information exchanging, and business opportunity seeking. Since China's transition to more a more market-based economy, non-transparent market mechanism and personal favoritism have depended on personal guanxi networking to get things done. Under this circumstance and due to China's rapid growth and move towards a market-based economy, I argue that guanxi networking is the dominant factor that allows China's golf club to achieve its world-leading status.
However during 1970s a
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