摘要:本文主要研究互联网及移动通信在政治活动中的重要作用,从互联网和政治的关系、社交网络的历史、定义、概述,社交网络和政治的关系等方面进行分析,并以菲律宾选举和奥巴马现象为例,说明互联网和移动通信的具体作用。
互联网及移动通信
发布日期:2015年3月23日
近年来,互联网和移动通信被用作是协调集体行动和政治活动的重要手段。这些技术与当前正规实体组织缺乏的现状相适应,并且节约经费和通信时间(雷耶斯,2008年提出)。无论地理位置相隔多远,它们都能高效地将拥有相同观点和兴趣的独立个体组织起来(雷耶斯,2008年提出)。
社会网络化最显著的表现就是当前流行的在线社区——社交网络(SNS)的出现。这些在线社区可不仅是作为信息散播的平台那么简单,它也是一个网络化的社会,在这里,人们聚集在一起做着他们在公共场合同样会做的事情(多纳特和博伊德,2004年提出)。在这个过程中,网络帮助人们构建了一个新的公共领域(雷耶斯,2008年提出)。
一、互联网和政治
很多政治传播研究领域的关键概念都包含社会资产和政治参与。帕特南(1995年)提出繁荣社会的重要组成部分即是社会资本,它由民众参与公共或社区生活而来。社会资本由社会信任和公民参与组成(帕特南1995年提出)。
Internet and mobile communications
Published: 23, March 2015
In recent years, the Internet and mobile communications were used as means of coordinating collective action and political activism. These technologies kept up with the lack of formal and physical organization while reducing the costs and communication time (Reyes, 2008). They effectively aided in unifying individuals who share common identities and interests, despite the differences in geographic location (Reyes, 2008).
The manifestation of these networked publics is most visible with the current wave of online communities - social networking sites (SNSs). These sites are not simply spaces for information dissemination; they are networked publics where people gather to do the things that they would normally do in public places (Donath & boyd, 2004). In doing so, they help construct a new public sphere (Reyes, 2008).
一、互联网和政治——A. Internet and Politics
Some of the key concepts in much of political communication research include social capital and political participation. Putnam (1995) argued that an important component of any thriving society is social capital, which is generated by people participating in public or community life. Social capital consists of both social trust and civic engagement (Putnam, 1995). Indicators of social capital would include things such as volunteerism, group membership, etc. In many ways, political participation is closely related to social capital.
La Due Lake and Huckfeldt (1998) argued that “social capital is realized through networks of political communication, thereby enhancing the likelihood that individuals will become politically engaged”. In this view, politically relevant social capital should enhance the likelihood of individual engagement in politics, enabling citizens to become engaged in ways they might otherwise not (La Due Lake & Huckfeldt, 1998). Essentially, social capital, by its very nature, should have a positive relationship with political participation, and existing research supports this view (La Due Lake & Huckfeldt, 1998). One could also argue that indicators of social capital such as being involved with parents, school, and religious activities (e.g., Smith, 1999) can be interpreted as being interpersonally connected with others. If one is connected to others in this way, a natural outflow or part of this connection would most likely include political discussion.
The research of La Due Lake and Huckfeldt (1998) pointed out that political discussion that occurs within social networks increases social capital, which in turn increases political participation.
The Internet helps build social capital (Wright, 2008). People's networks comprise of traditional “bases of community” - relatives, friends, workmates, and even neighbors. As the modern trend
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