英语论文网

压力是人类生活中无法避免的一部分，它是人体的本能反应，经历数千年的演变，在我们的日常生活环境仍然有很多人遭受压力的困扰。压力监控显示目前人们的压力指数很高，这些压力主要分为心理的和生理的，包括酗酒，严重的抑郁症，家庭虐待和自杀。压力可以是积极的也可能是消极的，可能是直接的也可能是间接的。举个关于压力积极性的一个例子，它或许可以用作一种动力来帮助我们更好地实现目标。负面压力可能就在于知道一个关系很好的亲戚或家庭成员已经死亡后所带来的影响。直接压力涉及个人直接导致的压力，如个人恩怨。间接压力并没有直接涉及个人，例如，对美国的恐怖主义间接增加了美国人乘飞机旅行的压力。压力分为内部因素和外部因素。说起要举个内部因素的例子就往往会想到行政方面，或者是部门内的一些事情，这些压力通常都是出于官员的控制。外部因素是指工作以外的事情，它可以是社会的期望或他们的性别角色。压力无论是积极的还是消极的，无论是内部还是外部，都是很重要的，压力如果处理的好，不管是个人还是周围的环境都是积极的。

Stress is a natural part of human life, it is the bodys instinctual reaction, from thousands of years of evolution, to the many stressors in our everyday environment. The high rates of stress involved in policing lead to physical and mental issues including alcoholism, severe depression, domestic abuse, and/or suicide. Stress can be positive, negative, direct, or indirect. An example of positive stress could be pressure to perform that could be used as motivation to achieve a goal. Negative stress could be discovering that a close relative or family member has died. Direct stress involves the individual directly, such as a personal feud. Indirect stress does not directly involve the person, for example, terrorism against the United States indirectly adds stress to Americans traveling by plane. Stress comes from internal factors and external factors as well. An example of internal factors would be something administrative, or anything within the department, usually out of the officer's control. External factors are things outside of the job, it could be societal expectations or their gender role. Whether positive or negative, internal or external, it is vital that the strain is handled in a positive matter for both the individual and their surrounding environment. 'We also know that stress, particularly when it becomes chronic, can lead to a multiplicity of problems for the officers as well as for the organization they work for' (Anderson et al., 2002, p. 2). Everyone experiences stress at different levels, depending on various factors such as economic status, occupation, gender roles, societal expectations, and ethnicity. Individuals employed with law enforcement are likely to suffer higher levels of stress than other occupations. 'Policing has been identified as one of those particularly stressful occupations, with law enforcement work being ranked among the top five most stressful occupations worldwide' (Noblet et al., 2009, p. 2). It does not help that societal expectations place law enforcement under an unrealistic amount of pressure, causing high levels of stress to perform. 'This is a profession in which officers are sometimes unrealistically expected to be unemotional and composed at all times' (Vonk, 2008, p. 1). Police, unlike other occupations, are involved with disturbingly graphic incidents such as fatal car crashes, shootings, rapes, and murders. Their lives are constantly threatened by criminals, high speed car chases, and other standards of the job. 'In sum, police officers must be good psychologists...face troubled individuals who may try to kill thema€|and must be aware of the possibility that there are phantom assailants who are not immediately visible' (Waters & Wil