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how people make attributions about situational causes, as it only deals with how people make attributions to the person. Other factors such as the in-group/out-group variable can heavily influence inferences about a person's behaviour. For example, Vonk and Konst (1998) found that when the behaviour was committed by an in-group member, participants were more likely to make situational attributions for socially unacceptable behaviour and dispositional attributions for more acceptable behaviours. The opposite effects were found for behaviour committed by out-group members.

Kelley (1967) Covariation Model
Kelley's covariation model is perhaps the best known attribution theory. It applies to multiple instances of behaviour, rather than for just a single instance as previously discussed in correspondent inference theory. Covariation by definition means that a person has gathered information from several observations, at different times and from within different situations, and will use this information to deduce the covariation of cause and effect. Kelley argues that when people want to discover why someone behaved in a certain manner, three kinds of evidence are taken into consideration which will influence their decision regarding said behaviour.

Consensus: The degree to which other people behave in a similar manner in a similar situation. For example, the defendant took drugs when they went out with their friends. If the defendant's friends also took drugs, then the defendant's behaviour is high in consensus. If only the defendant took drugs then the defendant's behaviour is low in consensus.

Distinctiveness: The degree to which a person behaves in a similar manner in different situations. If the defendant only took drugs when they were out with their friends, then the defendant's behaviour is high in distinctiveness. If they take drugs at any time or place, their behaviour is low in distinctiveness.

Consistency: The degree to which the person behaves in this manner every time this situation occurs. If the defendant only takes drugs when they are out with their friends, consistency is high. If the defendant only took drugs on one separate occasion, then consistency is low.

Kelley's theory was supported by the findings from (MacArthur 1972) study.

According to Kelley, Behaviour that is high in Consensus, Consistency and Distinctiveness (HHH), will be attributed as situational, and behaviour that is low in Consensus and Consistency but high in Distinctiveness (LLH) will be attributed as dispositional. In addition to these two covariations from Kelley, McArthur (1972) found that behaviour that is low in Consensus and high in Consistency but low in Distinctiveness (LHL) was attributed as being situational by participants.

So, according to Kelley's covariation model, jurors may be attributing causality on the basis of correlation. One problem with this theory however, is that as jurors do not know the defendant, then they wouldn't have the information to know if the defendant's behaviour is consistent over time and therefore cannot reasonably make that kind of judgement.

Kelley's theory can be criticised in that it does not differentiate between intentional and non-intentional behaviour, and participants are given 'pre-packaged' information which they may not use in everyday situations. Other studies such as that of Al