loy & Tabachnik (1984) have found that people are somewhat poor at assessing covariation between events.
In conclusion, given that researchers are not privy to actual jury deliberations, and even in mock trial studies do not always know how participants may interpret the situation or even interpret the questions that they are asked, further exploration of how people use all models is important for future research in attribution.
Q 3: Discuss the relevance of qualitative methods to critical social psychology.
In order to understand the relevance of any
methodology to critical social psychology, one must first understand what critical social psychology is and how it differs from mainstream psychology.
Psychology, by definition, is the scientific study of the human mind, its mental states and the behaviour of both humans and animals. The main subject of this scientific study, the human, is what Taylor (1985) calls a `self-interpreting animal '. We do not only seek to understand ourselves but we are also governed by that understanding. As a consequence of this, theories and methods are required in order to gain said understanding of the complexities of interpreting not only the cognitive processes that are used but also the data that is produced by any such investigative processes.
In the 1960s and 1970s 'radical psychology' rejected mainstream psychology's focus on the analysis of the individual and of the individual being the sole source of psychopathology. Instead, radical psychologists studied society as both the cause and possible source of treatment for psychopathological problems and investigated aspects of social change as an alternative treatment for mental illness and a way to prevent future psychopathology. Critical Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with finding alternatives to the reduction of human experience by mainstream psychology to the level of the individual and mainstream psychology's apparent inability to facilitate possibilities for radical social change.
One of the most important texts in the field, published in 1983, is the 'Foundations of Psychology' by Klaus Holzkamp, who many consider to be the theoretical founder of critical psychology. Holzkamp considered perception and cognition as very specific concepts of meaning that identified themselves as being both historically and culturally constructed. In other words, humans create conceptual structures with a purpose that is closely related to culture and is within historical patterns of social reproduction.
It was from this phenomenological perspective that Holzkamp launched a devastating methodological attack on behaviourism that is based on linguistic analysis, showing in detail the rhetorical patterns by which behaviourism created the false impression of scientific objectivity while simultaneously losing the significance of understanding intentional human actions that are positioned within a culture. One important concept that Holzkamp developed was the 'reinterpretation' of theories that had been developed by conventional psychology. This incorporated their informative insights into critical psychology while concurrently ascertaining their limitations. Such as in the case of behaviourism with its rhetorical reduction of both the subject and the intentional action.
Over 30 years ago, in the 'crisis' period of social psychology, Moscovici o
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