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to believe the control of the media can be decided by negotiation and debate. Further he talked about communications ownership, open democratic and democratic local process as the ‘wider social struggle’ (Nineham, 1996). “There is no solution...but to make local communications ownership and control subject to open and democratic local process, with specific provisions against financing, salary payments and consultancies from outside commercial bodies” (Williams, 1974).

 

Perhaps, the most complicated work of Williams is Marxism and Literature (1977) which is not easy to understand for common people. In this book, he talks about his own approach to cultural studies, or in his own words cultural materialism. The book was originally written as a response for those who wanted Williams to have a more theoretical position against criticisms on him being a humanist Marxist.

 

It is a fundamental misunderstanding to consider Williams’ work centred on the idea of community. Williams has a deeply modernist imagination of a world. He analyzes drama and the novel as related concepts to cultural forms in which people attempt to make sense of global forces beyond their control and frequently fail to understand what is happening so deeply to their lives (Williams, 1977b). Williams’ criticizes theories of culture and ideology of Marxism mostly because they are inadequate to mixed and confused reality of modern life.

 

Williams (1977c) has always considered cultural materialism, a Marxist theory 'Latent within historical materialism is ... a way of understanding the diverse social and material production ... of works to which the connected but also changing categories of art have been historically applied; I call this position cultural materialism.' So, cultural production is a human activity in which culture must be understood both in its own terms and as part of its society and cultural studies can be a wide approach to the arts and even politics.

 

It is important to note that there is a characteristic voice in Williams’ writing, but he is always engaged in a dialogue or debate. So the focus can mainly be on what he is saying. The complexity in Williams’ voice is because he often recognizes some validity in other positions and arguments then makes his own position. But Williams is actually more radical. He tried moderate politics for a long time but it did not work. So becoming older, he became more revolutionary.

 

His book Culture (1981) is also a further development of some key arguments, especially about aesthetics. Williams' was not completely agree with some of the writers in the fields of culture and society. For example, his writings about George Orwell and Marshall McLuhan are a bit surprising, even though he was affected by some other writers like George Steiner and Pierre Bourdieu.

 

Williams spent his time in Saffron Walden when his carrer ti本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。