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Abstract:Theoretically, this paper is based on Langacker’s viewpoint.The author holds that a grammatical category is a unity of form and meaning with the latter as its decisive factor and, by means of the synchronic, collocational, diachronic and ontogenetic study of some linguistic data concerned, support Yi Zhonliang’s statement that the essential grammatical meaning of ‘have+-en’is prior-connectiveness, i.e.‘have+-en’always denotes that the action or state expressed by the main verb is prior to and connective with a certain point of time in one way or another and thus conveys a blending of two elements-priority and connectiveness.

Key words:prior-connectiveness, synchronic, diachronic, ontogenetic, collocational

摘　要: 本文以兰盖克理论为依据,深入探究了have+-en的语义特征,并对易仲良教授提出的have+-en语法结构的语义实质,代写英语论文从新的视角进行论证。

关键词: 先联性; 共时的; 历时的; 个体发生学的; 搭配的

1. 引言
Dan I. Slobin(1990)在《现在完成的话语起源》(Discourse Origins of the Present Perfect)一文中指出,关于“完成”(the perfect)是一种时态、体态还是别的什么,语言学家的看法是不一致的。如F.R.Palmer将其看作时相(Phase),易仲良把它确立为式态(Formula)。为什么会出现这种情形?原因就在于斯洛宾“完成”语义所特有的二重性。在本文中,笔者将以兰盖克(Langacker 1990)的理论为依据,深入探究have+-en的语义特征。

2.“先联性”是have+-en的语义实质
兰盖克(1990)指出,“就像词汇具有语义一样,语法形式也是具有语义的,因为正是二者组成一个符号成分的连续统,而没有意义的符号是不存在的。”那么,语法形式have+-en的语法意义是什么呢?笔者赞同易仲良教授所概括的“先联性”(prior-connectiveness)。所谓先联性,就是have+-en表示主动词所指明的动作或状态,总是先于某时点并与那时点有着某种联系。这就是说,have+-en总是表示两个语义成分的混合,即“先于”(priority)和“联系”(connectiveness)。就“先于”而言,有两种情况:或“完全先于”(wholly prior to),指所及动作或状态先于某一时点且已结束(例1),或“部分先于”(partially prior to),指所及动作或状态先于某时点开始而未结束(例2):
(1) Tom has broken the window.
(2) The house had been empty for ages up to then.
就“联系”而言,由于主动词词义的复杂性,话语语用因素的可变性,它的类型则呈现出多样性,如因果联系、接续联系、背景联系、总结联系、参照联系、推测联系、假设联系等等。这些纷繁复杂的联系,或许可以概括为两大类:客观联系和主观联系。例3、例4属于前者,例5、例6则归于后者:
(3) You can return to a normal diet now that you have lost enough weight.(客观因果联系)
(4) I’d collected stamps for several years before I fell into another hobby.(客观接续联系)
(5) He brought me a cup of coffee although I had asked for tea.(主观参照联系)
(6) He may (might/could/will/would/should/ought to/must)
have arrived there by now. (主观推测联系)

3. have+之先联语义的历时研究
3.1先联语义在have+-en的原型中的体现
关于have+-en语法化的历时过程,传统派的表述与当代派的描写尽管不尽相同,但从具体的have+object+-en到比较抽象的have+-en+object,再到完全语法化的have+-en的基本脉络是相同的。如果我们把have+object+-en称作have+-en的原型,那么,我们发现,have+object+-en的原型就蕴含着“先联”的语义。Kathleen Carey(1990)在题为《古美语完成的语法化》一文中引用了如下两个例句:
(7) onne hebbe we begen fet gescode swi e untellice (CP5.45.12(C.850))‘when we have both feet shod very blamelessly’.
(8) IC hebbe nu ongiten pet u eart gearo to ongitanne mina Lara...(BO36.107.102)‘I have now understood that you are ready to understand my teachings,’
在对上述两例的分析中,Carey(1990)认为,从历时语言学的角度看,先有例7,后出现例8,例7中的have+-en,即我们称为原型的have+object +-en,通常具有形容词性。他定义形容词性有两个特征:主语与宾语存在“有”的关系,且宾语具有经受过V-ed(本文的V-en)动作的性质;主语不一定是过程的施动者。他所说的第一特征的英语表达,是“The subject is in a have relation with the object, which has the property of having been V-ed”。就真值条件而言,他的意思就是“主语与那个先于现在承受(过)V-ed动作的宾语,存在着‘有’的关系”。显而易见,have+-en的原型中就蕴含着“先于现在并与现在有关系”的先联语义。当然,这种“先联意义”与语法化了的have+-en的先联意义是有所不同的。Carey(1990)在分析例8时指出,例8中的have+-en具有完成性,完成性的一个主要特点是:主语与由过去分词表示的完成过程存在“有”的关系,其英语表达为:The subject is in a have relation with the completed process referred to by the Past Part。在语言的演化过程中,have+-en的完成性语义,正是始于have+-en原型的一种特定语境中的语用意义。

3.2 have+-en“先联语义”的抽象化过程
为了简要地说明这一过程,我们援引Carey(1990)使用的两个图表,并略作分析。表1是按语义范畴分类的动词过去本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。