经济发展的现代性理论 英语论文范文 [3]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2014-09-22编辑:yangcheng点击率:13722
论文字数:4378论文编号:org201409202301387299语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:经济发展现代性理论国内生产总值Economics Essay
摘要:本文是一篇经济发展的现代性理论,经济增长可以定义为增加在一个国家的国内生产总值(GDP)。国内生产总值(Gdp)被认为是最重要的指标,因为它被用于比较经济之间的目的或者在不同时间段的同一经济。
elopment is a clear or perfect illustration of the modernization theory. Rostow argued that the major deterrence of economic development was the fatalistic traditional values where economic hardships are viewed as inevitable or unavoidable facts of life. People in such societies do not see the need for hard work as according to them, their predicament is predetermined. Rostow argues that every society undergoes five major stages before it attains the highest economic development level. The five linear stages are what see a nation emerge from poverty to economic dependency and development.
According to Rostow, the first stage of development is the ‘traditional or subsistence economy’ which is purely based on agriculture as the means of production. The population growth rate is minimal and there are little manufacturing processes. Modern science is limited and people seek spiritual attitudes to explain the physical world. There is also minimal social mobility with the powerful owning the factors of production. (Preston 1996:171). The second stage is the ‘precondition to take off’ where people start to adopt industrialization and more machinery used. Modern science starts to be embraced at this stage. Interactions with other developed countries lead to the adoption of new techniques. At this stage the population also rises. Infrastructure is developed and industries start to thrive. The third stage is the ‘take off stage’ which is precipitated by technological advancement though political environment also plays a major role. Investment increases by a large magnitude and new industries are established. An entrepreneurial class expands and profits are protracted back into the economy through the increased investment. The employment rates rise and the national income is not left behind. The fourth stage of development according to Rostow is ‘the drive towards maturity’. This stage is experienced by the increased spread of modern technology which spreads across the entire economy. Here, the national income rises by 10-20% and the economy can produce as much industrial equipment as possible. There are sufficient entrepreneurial as well as technical skills to produce anything in the society. In this stage, the economy diversifies, service industries develop and population growth stabilizes. The final stage is the ‘age of mass consumption’ where the industrial system has advanced greatly. The population growth slows down at a considerable rate. There is a high production and consumption of consumer goods. At this stage, people can consume beyond their needs as production is intense. Primitive modes of production at this stage have been substituted with urban skills and more people work in offices. More resources are channeled to other areas like on social security as well as social welfare (Preston 1996:175).
Rostow’s model or stages of development face immense criticism with some dismissing it as being based on mere historical coincidence. The model is also viewed as having been oversimplified and out dated. There are various aspects that have been overlooked and the fact that it is based on data collected in the 60s compromises its application in the recent times. Varying changes have taken place from when the data was collected and today (Dompere & Ejaz 1995: 87).
Rostow is also condemned for assuming that all nations or countries have similar resources, population as well as climate. Uniformity
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