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CONTENTS Abstract 2 1. Introduction 5 2. The character and principle of woodchip corrals related with the result of experiment 8 3. The positive effect of woodchip corrals on the environment 12 3.1. Woodchip corral is world-spread and cheap. 13 3.2. Constructive aspects of wood chip corrals. 18 3.3. Development of methods to optimise design of woodchip corrals to minimise the pollution risk relative to other methods of overwintering livestock 23 4. The negative effect of woodchip corrals on the environment 24 4.1. To identify the likely extent of bacteriological hazards, particularly coliforms, in corral leachates throughout the year 25 4.2. To identify any soil types or combination of soil, climate, site, design and management where the leachate constitutes a particular pollution hazard, or where leachate poses a minimal hazard. 32 5. Identify key design principles and siting criteria so as to address and minimise any pollution hazards identified 36 6. conclusion 40 Abstract This paper aims to explaining the two sides of woodchip corrals according to the experiment. Related with the problems in the reality, the article disposes to the developing trend and the possible solutions. 论文题目：从这三个里选一个 论文详细要求：Insruction 论文指导 您的研究方向：环境学 要求字数：1300（包括提纲和摘要） 论文用途：硕士论文申请用，英语写作 详细要求： 1， 写成标准的论文摘要和目录格式，英国大学研究生论文的格式 1. BMPs on Ayrshire dairy farms · Model calibration and testing using measured data · Surface runoff or through soil macropore flow transport to field drains? · Contaminants – P, NH4 and E.coli · Visits to two farms for further measurements and assessments to estimate model parameters · Further assessments of benefits (environmental and economic) of BMPs being implemented 2. Woodchip corrals · Extend woodchip bed model to include flooded layer at bottom · Further development/calibration of hydrological model of soil below bed · Further laboratory wetting/sorption tests on woodchips · Calibration and testing of models using data from lysimeters and farm-scale corrals 3. Phosphorus removal from effluents in reedbed wetlands · Develop a simple process model of P removal, building on previous models for N processes · Estimate model parameters · Assess importance for P removal of microbial processes (as for N) against simple physical filtration/sedimentation processes · Assess prospects of reedbeds for long term P removal, or whether saturation by P will occur 1. BMPs on Ayrshire dairy farms · Model calibration and testing using measured data · Surface runoff or through soil macropore flow transport to field drains? · Contaminants – P, NH4 and E.coli · Visits to two farms for further measurements and assessments to estimate model parameters · Further assessments of benefits (environmental and economic) of BMPs being implemented 2. Woodchip corrals · Extend woodchip bed model to include flooded layer at bottom · Further development/calibration of hydrological model of soil below bed · Further laboratory wetting/sorption tests on woodchips · Calibration and testing of models using data from lysimeters and farm-scale corrals 3. Phosphorus removal from effluents in reedbed wetlands · Develop a simple process model of P removal, building on previous models for N processes · Estimate model parameters · Assess importance for P removal of microbial processes (as for N) against simple physical filtration/sedimentation processes · Assess prospects of reedbeds for long term P removal, or本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。