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handhelds”在汉语中难以找到完全对等的词,两者都是指小型的电子产品。顾名思义,“organizers”可以帮助使用者组织日常工作和活动,“handhelds”是可以抓在手上的东西,能进行视窗和网上操作,类同于汉语中的“商务通”和“掌上电脑”;“to-do list”宜引伸为“备忘录”:而最后一个动词“overkill”的翻译可借鉴汉语俗语“高射炮打蚊子”。)

 

三、搭配引伸
英汉两种语言在词的搭配上都有各自约定俗成的习惯,某些词在英语中能够搭配,在汉语中则未必能够搭配,反之亦然。因此,应在不违背原义的前提下,根据汉语的搭配习惯对词义作不同引伸。
1·Last year was a lean one for bold American trade initiatives·
对于美国大胆的贸易行动来说,去年的效益不佳。
(“lean”的原意是“瘦的”,此处引伸为“效益不佳”。)
2·The newspaper is a jungle of ads·
报纸上尽是杂七杂八的广告。
(“jungle”原意为“丛林”,此处引伸为“名目繁多”。)
Efficiency is undermined in a jungle of red tape·效率就淹没在使人如入迷津的烦琐手续之中。
(本句中“jungle”则引伸为“如入迷津、使人困惑”。)

 

四、逻辑引申
就是根据上下文的内在联系,透过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里,运用一些符合汉语习惯的表现法,选用确切的汉语词句,将原文内容实质准确地表达出来。
1·In New Jersey, one of a handful of states that has received federal permission to adopt family caps, births to mothers onwelfare have gone down.
新泽西州是获联邦批准实行家庭救济金封顶政策的屈指可数的几个州之一。在该州领取救济金的母亲们生育率已下降。
(“family cap”在词典中检索不到,容易误译成“家庭福利”、“家庭补助”,甚至“家庭御寒”等,而其确切含义应根据上下文引伸为“家庭救济金封顶政策”。)
2·China moved swiftly to outlaw pyramid selling, after large numbers of would-be millionaires found themselves stuck with usaleable goods on their hands·
大批梦想暴富的人发现手中存货堆积如山卖不出去,至此中国断然取缔了传销。
(“pyramid selling”,显然为“金字塔销售”,可转译为“传销”。)
3·Sarah Jane came under friendly fire from her own team, She had a difficult time trying to convince them that she was right·萨拉·简受到了她的小组成员的批评。她尽力想说服他们自己没错,结果弄得极为难堪。
(“come under friendly fire”出自战争用语之引伸。在战争中指“受到己方炮火的误击”。)
4·The privately-owned video shop down the street went belly-up when a video franchise moved in around the corner·
当一家音像连锁店进军到附近时,这条街上的个体音像商店就破产了。
(“belly-up”源于死鱼露出白肚皮之引伸。此处含“破产”之意。)

 

五、修辞引伸
“言之无文,行之不远。”为使译文增色,除了通顺之外,还得讲究修辞。故在翻译时,往往因修辞需要而取引伸意义。
1·Recession-phobic automobile companies instituted a hiring freeze as soon as there was a hiccup in car sales·
产品销售量一有风吹草动,患了萧条恐惧症的汽车公司就冻结招收员工。
(“hiccup”原意“打嗝”,引伸为“风吹草动”,巧妙运用了汉语中的修辞性重复。)
2·The rumblings of change in Europe are getting louder with the formal launch of the single currency, the Euro·
欧洲单一货币———欧元正式推出,欧洲变革的紧锣密鼓越敲越响。
(“rumbling”乃象声词,原意为“轰隆隆地响”,此处引伸为“紧锣密鼓”,更加形象生动。)
3·A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled nature as a last refuge from encroaching technology·
许多人都想寻找一块自由自在的地方,作为她们躲避现代技术侵害的世外桃源。
(“a last refuge”原意为“最后一块庇护所”,此处引伸成“世外桃源”,符合汉语形象的说法。)
During the first half of the 18th century, in the old age of Netwon and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last lndian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventurers·
十八世纪上半叶,也就是牛顿的晚年,皇家学会衰落的年代,英国沐浴在农村手工业和商人冒险家所从事的海外贸易相互交织的落日余晖之中。
(“Indian summer”原意为“兴旺的晚期”,此处转译成“落日余晖”,既点明原文形象,又隐含引伸意义,可谓情景交融。)

 

六、语用引伸
把原文里的弦外之音补译出来,补译的词语是根据原文的语用学意义增添上去的,以避免译文晦涩费解。但是,增添的词语要恰到好处,切忌引伸过度,而有损于原作的内容。
1·The company directors have decided to give every worker a free week’s holiday at a luxury resort·It’s unheard of for them to be this generous·The aliens have landed!
公司董事们决定让每个工人免费去一高级旅游胜地度假一周。从来没听说过他们如此慷慨。真是太离奇了!(“The aliens have landed!”源自科幻小说,“aliens”指外空来的异类生物。短语原意为“外星人已降落地球”,可引伸为“这真是太阳打西边出来了”,等同于另—短语“Pigs might fly!”)
2·It’s been enjoyable to hear your proposal for building a new luxury apartment complex·But it’s pumpkin time, we do not have the money to proceed with the idea and must continue with our earlier plan to build a house·
你建议盖一幢新的豪华公寓,这主意很中听。但我们必须停止幻想,面对现实。我们没钱盖豪华公寓,只能按原计划盖个楼房。
(“It’s pumpkin time”源自传统童话故事《灰姑娘》的比喻。故事情节之一为:午夜12点钟声一响,灰姑娘就回到现实中,她的金马车又本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。