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翻译策略研究：中英思维互换

思维、语言与文化有着紧密的联系。语言是思维的载体，思维是语言的内容，这一切都统一在文化的总框架内。中西思维方式的差异一直是国内外学术界关注的重点研究课题。国内贾德江、刘宓庆，西方的R. Kaplan等学者对此课题进行了深入的研究，并取得了令人瞩目的成果。中英思维方式的差异可以从很多方面进行分类。中国人的思维总的来说是如重意象的直观性，对事物规律的归纳总结和重视主体的感受和内在逻辑性联系的意合，体现为主螺旋型上升趋势，具有明显的模糊性。而英国人的思维方式则重理性与分析性，注重对客体的临摹与再现，所以其思维呈直线状态，具有精确性的特点，强调严谨的外在形式的融合等。当然不同的学者也从其他方面进行了分类。这些思维方式在两个民族的语言上也有充分的体现，从词汇、句法、语义、语法和文体上分别呈现了明显的差异。对这些差异的忽视往往导致中英翻译中出现各种错误，如过于拘泥于原文的字面，忽略两种语言的句法特征，忽略不同的视角和文体特色，或者由于句法差异而导致在目的语的累赘表述等。
   为了避免上述问题，通常要有充分的文化背景知识，然后采取转换翻译策略，包括词类，词义，句法结构等的转换，同时也可以采取临摹翻译法和反向翻译法等策略。由此可见，思维方式的差异对翻译质量的影响不容忽视，必须采取相应的策略，以提高翻译质量。

关键词： 中英思维方式；差异；语言表现；翻译策略

Language by nature is the embodiment of human thoughts and thoughts in turn is the mental reflection of the world around us on basis of some analysis, generalization, judgment and reasoning. Animals have thoughts as well, but their awkward sounds for communication are far from being language. Language is therefore closely related to and supported by human thoughts. That is to say, language has no basis for its existence if there is no thought. But thoughts, though accessible by various means, are best represented in language and can thus best fulfill its obligations to the speakers by such means. Language as an arbitrary, phonetic and morphologic semiotic and audio system of communication, has long defined as human and is thus the most convincing distinctive features of human beings from animals.
  The thinking patterns are one of the most important cues in culture. It is closely related to cultures and embodies the characteristics of cultural psychology. Besides, the modes of thinking also are closely related to language. Different modes of thinking are embodied in language.

content
Ⅰ. Introduction
II. Literature Review
2.1 Aristotelian School: Metaphor--A Device of Rhetoric
III Differences between Chinese and English Thinking Modes
3.1 Differences between Chinese Thinking Patterns and English Thinking Patterns
3.1.1. Visual Thinking vs. Rational Thinking
3.1.2 Generalizing Thinking vs. Analytical Thinking
3.1.3 Subject-oriented Thinking vs. Object-targeted Thinking
3.1.4 Tortuous Thinking vs. Straight Thinking
3.1.5. Fuzzy Thinking vs. Accurate Thinking
3.1.6 Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
3.1.7 Some other classifications
a. Backward Thinking vs. Predictive Thinking
b. Introspective Thinking vs. Extroversive Thinking
c. dialectical Thinking vs. Logical Thinking
d. collective and selective thinking
3.2 Linguistic Features Resulting from Differences of Thinking Patterns
3.2.1 Lexical Features
3.2.2 Syntactic Features
3.2.3  Semantic Features
 i. Intra-sentence relationship:
ii. Inter-sentence relationship:
3.2.4 Contextual Features
3.2.5 Grammatical Features
IV. The Impact of Thinking Patterns on Translation
4.1 Stubborn Rendering Resulting from Ignorance of Different Syntactic Preferences
4.2 Misleading Rendering due to Differences in Viewpoints
4.3 Awkward Transferring for Ignorance of Rhetoric Preferences
4.4 Wordy Diction regardless of the Syntactic Structural Differences
4.5 Inaccurate Translation Caused by Improper Diction
V. Some Practical Approaches in Translation between the Two Languages
5.1 Sufficient Cultural Background Information
5.2 Shifting Translation
5.3 Graphic Translation 
5.4 Backward translation
VI. Conclusion

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