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欧根·A.奈达（1983:12）曾经说过，“翻译在于再现受体语源语信息最接近的自然等值......”翻译总很难实现“接近自然”等价。例如，我们如何能正确翻译一个工作就像是母语一样呢？应该如何沟通以克服误解？我们怎样才能提高我们的翻译技巧？
Eugen A. Nida (1983:12) once remarked, “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message…” Translators always find that it is hard to achieve “closest natural” equivalence. For example, how can we translate a work properly just like the native speaker does? How should the misunderstanding in communication be overcome? How can we enhance our translation skills? On account of these problems, scholars in the field of translation have made great progress and created some new approaches to the work of translation, and found out that one reason for such phenomena was that translator can not fully understand the thinking modes of target language. This paper focuses on the chief contrast in Chinese and English respective thinking modes and their influence on bi-directional E-C translation, attempting to find some proper methods to tackle the translation problems. Since translation is the process of the transformation of different languages and thinking modes, translator should handle well the relations between them. It is certain that the great differences between languages, which are caused by different thinking modes, will create obstacles during the cross-cultural-communication. Hence, properly dealing with the translation problems that arise from different thinking modes should not be ignored.

Ⅱ. Language and Thinking Mode 语言和思维方式

2.1 Definitions of Language and Thinking Mode 语言和思维方式的定义

语言最普遍接受的定义是由Wardhaugh定义的“用于人际交往的任意性的语音符号系统”。（黄振定，蒋坚松，2000：23）根据这个定义，关键字是“符号”。也就是说，“语言”是一个符号系统，这意味着该语言是用来展示东西，思想等等。
The most commonly accepted definition for language is defined by Wardhaugh as “a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication”. (黄振定，蒋坚松, 2000: 23) Based on this definition, the keyword is “symbol”. That is to say, “language” is a system of symbols, which means that language is used to present things, ideas, and so on. For example, when we say the word “water”, we know that we are talking about a material that covers 70 percent of the earth, crystal-clear. It can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas, depending on how “hot” it is; “basketball” is something we used to play with, and “basketball match” is popular over the world. “Boy” is a young male and so forth. In the opinion of Edward Sapir, a famous linguist, expressed his conclusions thus:

"Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society...No two languages is ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels att本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。