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Chapter 1 Literature Review

1.1 Studies on Punctuations Home and Abroad
From the 12th century, although the invention of punctuation marks, there was nostandardization (Parkes 1993). From the 14th to 16th centuries, the humanists used lots ofpunctuation marks to disambiguate the logic structure of sentences in order to make theirarticles more persuasive. In the 15th and 16th centuries, new punctuation marks such assemicolon, parentheses and exclamation marks were invented. The orthographic sentencebecame the fundamental unit presented to the readers (Levinson 1985). Question marks,apostrophes and italic appeared after the 16th century. In the last period of 16th century,'writing became more purposeful, direct and fact-oriented and sentences became longer.'(Robinson 1990). During the 18th and the 19th centuries, publishers established aneffective set of principles for punctuation. In the early 20th century, novelists tended touse punctuation to make 'stream of consciousness' effects as the logical and rhetoricalstructure of punctuation in texts widespread quickly (Parkes 1993). During 1936 to 1996,the average length of sentences and the number of punctuation marks in best-sellingbooks decreased in the USA. However, punctuation is still authoritatively emphasized asan integral part of the written language (Jones, 1994; Meyer, 1987). An English sentenceis likely to contain two to five punctuation marks in a study on nine different corpuses ofcurrent English (Jones 1994).
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1.2 Studies on Metafunctions Home and Abroad
Systemic Functional Grammar is a linguistically oriented approach in which thereare many meaning potentials only realized in people's actual use. It means that languageis a set of system which offers people a wide choice to express their meaning influencedby social and culture. This theory studies the relations between the linguistics and theoutside world (Liu Shisheng 1997). Systemic grammar regards language as a systemconsists of several sub-systems which pay close attention to the inner relationship oflanguage. Systemic Function Grammar can be classified into the ideational, interpersonaland textual metaflinction. 'The three metafunctions are closely related to differentstratifications of language and realized by them. Briefly speaking, the threemetafunctions can be explained as follows. The function of language to representexperience is the ideational function. The function of language to interpret interaction isthe interpersonal metafunction. The ftmction of language to organize the experiential,logical and interpersonal meaning into a coherent text is the textual metafunction.'(Halliday 1983) A function simply means what people do with language. However，the functions oflanguage have complex system like other systems of language. Finding and describinglanguage functions has always been a challenge for generations of linguists.
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Chapter 2  Metafunctions of Punctuation

2.1 The Ideational Function of Punctuation
The ideational ftinction is the function for construing our experience of the worldaround us and inside us. Halliday divides it into the logical and the experientialmetafunctions. According to Halliday (2000), the ideational function means that languageenables human beings to build a 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。