英国留学生作业:爱尔兰政府对外政策 Irish Government Foreign Policy
论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2017-11-06编辑:cinq点击率:7629
论文字数:2000论文编号:org201711061421332286语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:英国作业留学生作业对外政策
摘要:本文是英国留学生作业范文,主要内容是分析爱尔兰政府在外交方面的一系列问题,以及对其相关政策进行研究分析。
爱尔兰政府对所有事项的确认与外国交往即采取强硬路线,政府的政策是基于Hans Kelsen广泛的理论基础,奥地利法学家主张法律实证主义的纯粹法理论。法律实证主义包括试图解释法律是什么,而不是它应该是什么。这个理论涉及法律科学而不是法律政治。然而,凯尔森的理论稍有不同于其他法律实证主义者,凯尔森认为法律作为一种规范的声明,声明一个应该如何表现。因此,凯尔森发展了他的纯法律理论。这一理论是纯粹的,部分原因是它不集中于正义,剥夺了其思想、政治、经济和历史上的敷料。用凯尔森的话来说,“纯粹的法律理论只是宣称自己没有能力回答一个给定的法律是否公正的问题,或者说什么是正义的更根本的问题”。凯尔森认为,“纯粹的法律科学寻求真正的和可能的法律,而不是正义,从这个意义上说,它是根本的现实和经验。”。它拒绝辩解或谴责。法律存在的事实并不能保证法律秩序是公正的。在凯尔森看来,任何法律秩序都是由一般规范构成的,每一个规范都依赖于一个更高的规范。当然,这种等级制度是不是无限的;在系统的最高规范是基本规范或“基础规范”,而不取决于其有效性的一种规范。基本规范往往是宪法和预设是有效的由于一个先验的逻辑前提。这是因为基本规范具有建立宪法行为的主观意义的客观有效性的功能。基本规范之下的规范是有效的,因为基本规范赋予了这些规范的客观有效性。凯尔森还假设过改变关系的变化是否会有效的基本规范的结果。凯尔森描述的情况,一组人用武力夺取政权和去除合法政府引入的共和党政府。凯尔森认为,如果公民遵守新秩序,新秩序将是有效的。这是因为,在凯尔森看来,为了使一个规范有效,它必须是有效的,规范必须服从大多数公民的遵守或服从的充分性来证明它;普遍的或完全的服从不是必要的。X解放党被多数公民正式选举为权力,该党得到了军队和警察的支持,从而满足了遵守要求的充分性。如果X的大多数公民不相信法律或避免遵守法律,新法律的有效性和有效性只会受到质疑。在X解放党执政之前的法律秩序失去了效力,因此,每一个规范都失去了效力,因为整个法律秩序都以宪法的方式被废除了。
The X Liberation Party have been duly elected to govern the state of X and, after the election, the party renounced the former
constitution and enacted two pieces of radical legislation, firstly the Rendition Research Institute Act 2006 which permits the government to feely interrogate and torture people without any judicial or legal oversight and, secondly, a statute that forbids the use of the word rendition in any form of publication and breaking this law is punishable by death. Perhaps understandably, the Irish lawyers who are working in the state of X refuse to recognise the new lawyers presumably because the laws curtail the freedom of speech, permit torture at the behest of the government and provide for capital punishment for a relatively menial offence.
The Irish government takes a hard line Kelsenite view on all matters of recognition and dealings with foreign states, that is, the government’s policies are based on the extensive theories of Hans Kelsen, an Austrian jurist who advocated legal positivism and the pure theory of law. Legal positivism involves attempting to explain what the law is, not what it ought to be. The theory is concerned with the science of law and not legal politics. However, Kelsen’s theories differed slightly from those of other legal positivists because Kelsen viewed a legal statement as a normative statement, a statement of how one ought to behave. Consequently, Kelsen developed his pure theory of law. The theory is pure partly because it does not focus on justice and is stripped of its ideological, political, economic and historical dressings. In Kelsen’s words ‘the pure theory of law simply declares itself incompetent to answer either the question whether a given law is just or not, or the more fundamental question of what constitutes justice’[1]. Kelsen believes that ‘the pure science of law seeks the real and possible law, not the just, and in this sense it is radically realistic and empirical. It declines to justify or condemn’[2]. The fact that the law exists does not guarantee that the legal order is just. In Kelsen’s opinion, any legal order is comprised of general norms and each norm depends on a higher norm for its validity; the theory of the hierarchical system of norms. Of course, this hierarchical system is not infinite; the highest norm in the system is the basic norm or ‘grundnorm’, and does not depend on another norm for its validity. The basic norm will often be the constitution and is presupposed to be valid due to a transcendental-logical presupposition[3]. This is because the basic norm has the function to f
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