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论文作者:留学生论文网论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2011-09-08编辑:anterran点击率:3554
论文字数:8763论文编号:org201109081151232931语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:$ 66
关键词:英国伦敦大学政治经济学论文定制企业的性质政治经济关系LondonEconomics and Political Science
摘要:英国伦敦大学政治经济学论文定制-企业的性质与政治经济关系研究-The Nature of the Firm-Economics and Political Science-Economica is currently published by The London School of Economics and Political Science. The Nature of the Firm ECONOMItCh eory has suffered in the past from a failureto state clearly its assumptions.
The Nature of the Firm
Economica is currently published by The London School of Economics and Political Science.
The Nature of the Firm
ECONOMItCh eory has suffered in the past from a failureto state clearly its assumptions. Economists in buildingup a theory have often omitted to examine the foundationson which it was erected. This examination is, however,essential not only to prevent the misunderstanding and
needless controversy which arise from a lack of knowledgeof the assumptions on which a theory is based, but alsobecause of the extreme importance for Economics of goodjudgment in choosing between rival sets of assumptions.
For instance, it is suggested that the use of the word " firm "in economics may be different from the use of the termby the " plain man."l Since there is apparently. a trendin economic theory towards starting analysis with theindividual firm and not with the i n d u ~ t r y ,i~t is all themore necessary not only that a clear definition of the word" firm " should be given but that its difference from afirm in the " real world," if it exists, should be made clear.Mrs. Robinson has said that " the two questions to beasked of a set of assumptions in economics are : Are theytractable ? and : Do they correspond with the real world ? "3
Though, as Mrs. Robinson points out, " more often one setwill be manageable and the other realistic," yet there may
well be branches of theory where assumptions may be
both manageable and realistic. It is hoped to show in
the following paper that a definition of a firm may be obtained
which is not only realistic in that it corresponds to what
is meant by a firm in the real world, but is tractable by
two of the most powerful instruments of economic analysis
developed by Marshall, the idea of the margin and that of
substitution, together giving the idea of substitution at
1 Joan Robinson, Economics is a Serious Subject, p. 12.
2 See N. Kaldor, "The Equilibrium of the Firm," Ecolrotnic Jounzal, March, 1934
Op. cit., p. 6.
19371 THE NATURE OF THE FIRM 387
the margin.' Our definition must, of course, " relate to
formal relations which are capable of being conceived
exa~tly."~
It is convenient if, in searching for a definition of a firm,
we first consider the economic system as it is normally
treated by the economist. Let us consider the description
of the economic system given by Sir Arthur Salter.3 "The
normal economic system works itself. For its current
operation it is under no central control, it needs no central
survey. Over the whole range of human activity and human
need, supply is adjusted to demand, and production to
consumption, by a process that is automatic, elastic and
responsive." An economist thinks of the economic system
as being co-ordinated by the price mechanism and society
becomes not an organisation but an organism.' The economic
system "works itself." This does not mean that there is
no planning by individuals. These exercise foresight and
choose between alternatives. This is necessarily so if there
is to be order in the system. But this theory assumes that
the direction of resources is dependent directly on the price
mechanism. Indeed, it is often considered to be an objection
to economic planning that it merely tries to do what is
already done by the price mechanism.6 Sir Arthur Salter's
description, however, gives a very incomplete picture o本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。