摘要:本文是一篇英国留学生经济规划论文,可能影响生产建设项目的四个主要因素是土地、劳动力、资金成本和企业家。土地被定义为“包括所有自然产生的资源和其供应的固定土地”。土地作为一种固定资源是有限量的,而且价格根据位置而可以有所不同。
loan or complete a debt offering. In exchange for the high risk that venture capitalists assume by investing in smaller and less mature companies, venture capitalists usually get significant control over company decisions, in addition to a significant portion of the company's ownership.
Young companies wishing to raise venture capital require a combination of extremely rare yet sought after qualities, such as innovative technology, potential for rapid growth, a well-developed business model, and an impressive management team. VCs typically reject 98% of opportunities presented to them reflecting the rarity of this combination. [14]
Venture capitalists are typically very selective in deciding what to invest in; as a rule of thumb, a fund may invest in one in four hundred opportunities presented to it. Funds are most interested in ventures with exceptionally high growth potential, as only such opportunities are likely capable of providing the financial returns and successful exit event within the required timeframe which can typically be 3–7 years that venture capitalists expect. [15]
Lottery Funding
For every £1 that the public spends on Lottery tickets 28 pence goes to the Lottery good causes. These are the arts, charities and voluntary groups, heritage, health, education, the environment and sports. Lottery funders are the organisations that distribute the good cause money to local communities and national projects. [16]
This method is finance is only used for larger projects such as the 2012 Olympics games and mainly used as a last resort. ‘The £1.5 billion to be derived from Lottery income itself breaks down into two equal parts: £750 million to be raised through sale of Olympic-themed Lottery tickets, and a further £750 million to be diverted from the National Lottery Distribution Fund, which is the source of funding for non-Olympic distributors.’ [17]
Preference Shares
Preference shares offer their owners preferences over ordinary shareholders. There are two major differences between ordinary and preference shares. Preference shareholders are often entitled to a fixed dividend even when ordinary shareholders are not. Preference shareholders cannot normally vote at general meetings.
The preference dividend is fixed in the sense that preference shares are often issued with the rate of dividend fixed at the time of issue and you might see something like this:
'4% preference dividend £0.25'
This is a preference share with a nominal value of £0.25 per share that carries a dividend of 4% that is 4% of £0.25 every year for every share issued. If a company has issued 100,000 of these shares at par then it will have received:
£100,000 x £0.25 = £25,000 from shareholders on issue
It will pay an annual dividend of:
£25,000 x 4% = £1,000 each year. [18]
This can be used as a finical source; however it can be very complex and very risky. Ideally specially trained people must look at the shares and look for funding. On the other hand, once completed it can be a reliable source depending on the current share prices.
Task 4
All sources of finance are different, in terms of cost, and the conditions that are imposed by the provider are also different. Therefore, depending on the type of construction project
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