摘要:本文是一篇英国留学生经济规划论文,可能影响生产建设项目的四个主要因素是土地、劳动力、资金成本和企业家。土地被定义为“包括所有自然产生的资源和其供应的固定土地”。土地作为一种固定资源是有限量的,而且价格根据位置而可以有所不同。
a suitable source of finance should be chosen.
Personal Savings
When personal savings are used to fund a construction project, the provider has no worries about monthly payment or even interest, because they have earned their money and it has already been taxed, it can go in for immediate funding. However the bank will need to be notified to allow large sums of money to be withdrawn in one go.
Retained Profit
Many people mistake this as being similar to personal savings. There are some similarities; the provider will have no worries about monthly payments. But there are some differences, the provider does not need notify the bank to gain access to their own funds, also when they do withdraw their funds, they will be taxed.
Other Loans
Loans are the most common source of finance used for construction projects. As many people do not have the money to be able to afford to run a construction project. Most loans are given out by a bank or building society, and repayment dates are agreed. For most loans, there are monthly repayment dates; also there are interest rates as well which are added on to the monthly repayments. The provider will require full payments each month, if not they have the power to seize goods that are equivalent to the monthly repayments. If monthly repayments are still not being met, then the bank or building society has the power to re-posses the construction project.
Overdraft Facilities
The overdraft facilities are not used as a main source of finance, but they are used to aid those sudden expenses that can not be avoided. Once the overdraft limit has been used, interest is charged on the amount that has been taken from the overdraft.
Private Finance Initiative (PFI)
The private finance initiative (PFI) is a procurement method which secures private funding for public institutions in return for part-privatisation. PFI is also an operational framework which transfers responsibility, but not accountability, for the delivery of public services to private companies. PFI projects aim to deliver infrastructure on behalf of the public sector, together with the provision of associated services such as maintenance
Prior to the financial crisis of 2007–2010, large PFI projects were funded through the sale of corporate bonds, issued by the company running the PFI. Since the crisis, funding by senior debt has become more common. Smaller PFI projects — the majority by number — have typically always been funded directly by banks in the form of senior debt.
Refinancing of PFI deals is common. Once construction is complete, the risk profile of a project can be lower, so cheaper debt can be obtained. This refinancing might in the future be done via bonds — the construction stage is financed using bank debt, and then bonds for the much longer period of operation. In most PFI contracts, the benefits of refinancing must be shared with the government.
The banks that fund PFI projects are repaid by the consortium from the money received from the government during the lifespan of the contract. From the point of view of the private sector, PFI borrowing is considered low risk because public sector authorities are very unlikely to default. [19]
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Public-private partnership (PPP) describes a
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