英语论文研究方法methodology写作指导 [2]
论文作者:英语论文网论文属性:论文方法研究 methodology登出时间:2014-07-28编辑:libing_yuan点击率:27206
论文字数:2023论文编号:org201407251600126350语种:中文 Chinese地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:英语论文methodology写作指导研究方法写作指导
摘要:英语毕业论文中研究方法methodology写作目的是为他人重现这项研究提供便利。本文较详细介绍了methodology的写作方法,期望能为广大留学生提供有用的参考!
r of potential participants. The required sample size should be determined through a power analysis. Such an analysis uses the alpha level and the population effect size (the estimated effect of the independent variable within the target population) to estimate the number of participants needed to demonstrate an existing effect. Typically, researchers strive for a power of .80, which refers to an 80% certainty that an existing effect will be found in the sample. The effect is the difference in perceived effectiveness between mediums.
Instrumentation
In a qualitative study, the instrument used to collect data may be created by the researcher or based on an existing instrument. If the instrument is researcher created, the process used to select the questions should be described and justified. If an existing instrument is used, the background of the instrument is described including who originated it and what measures were used to validate it. If a Likert scale is used, the scale should be described. If the study involves interviews, an interview protocol should be developed that will result in a consistent process of data collection across all interviews. Two types of questions are found in an interview protocol: the primary research questions, which are not asked of the participants, and the interview questions that are based on the primary research questions and are asked of the participants. Instruments should be placed in an appendix, not in the body of the text. Most qualitative studies include both a demographic survey to develop a picture of the participants, and an interview protocol. If the instrument is researcher created, a pilot study should be conducted to test the instrument.
In a scientific study, the instrumentation used to collect data is described in detail, which may include an illustration of the setup.
Procedure
Fully describe how the data were collected. In a qualitative study, this is the section where most of the appendices are itemized, starting with letters of permission to conduct the study and letters of invitation to participate with attached consent forms. This is also the place where any study involving human subjects must state that it is compliant with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Code of Federal Regulations, 45 CFR § 46.102(2009). A paragraph must be inserted that states the study is deemed to be one of minimal risk to participants and that the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research will not be greater than any ordinarily encountered in daily life, or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests. In a quantitative study, this section will detail when and how the data were collected.
Data Processing and Analysis
In both qualitative and quantitative studies, the precise method of how the data were processed and then analyzed is described. Increasingly, in qualitative studies, data collection and analysis is accomplished by using any one of several data collection and analysis tools available on the Internet such as Survey Monkey. Internet services are fast and accurate, and produce data that can be quickly incorporated in Chapter 4.
Ethical Considerations
In a qualitative study, the procedures for the protection of human participants should be stated. This section is nea
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