英语论文网

今天，如果我们购买机票，我们可能会发现一个特定的可选付款项目，称为“飞绿”，这使得乘客可以支付一些额外的美元，以抵消碳排放量从他们的航班。有些人选择为它付出。这是一个有趣的现象，因为我们面对的是人类历史发展的一个全新的商品，它是无色、无味的气体。
碳市场的潜力不可低估。碳市场的总价值1440亿美元飙升至2009年底（kossoy 12）。根据Chichilnisky和希兰，碳市场已经成为世界上最大的小商品市场的承诺（1）。碳融资帮助发展中国家获取技术支持和碳收入。工业发达国家从国际碳市场，而不是付出了昂贵的代价在家里购买碳信用额。
然而，问题依然存在于几个方面。项目的分配是不平等的发展中国家。碳信用额的价格水平是非常不稳定的，这是一种破坏整个市场。此外，监视构建碳信用的企业是困难的。因此，在排放的潜在欺诈行为的减少会削弱碳融资的目标。
总之，随着京都议定书将于2012年到期，我们应该找到另一项国际协议，以保持碳市场去，并招募更多的参与者以促进碳市场的稳定。然而，更多的法规提出，要保持碳市场的稳定。从长远来看，工业国家应该在碳减排的研发投资，因为没有人会在未来提供碳信用额度，如果所有国家都产业化。

Today, if we are purchasing tickets for flights, we may find a specific optional payment item, called “fly green,” which allows that passengers to pay a few extra dollars to offset the carbon emissions from their flights. Some people choose to pay for it. It is an interesting phenomenon, because we are facing a brand-new commodity in our human history, which is the colorless, odorless gas.
The potential of the carbon market can never be understated. The total value of the carbon market soared to $144 billion by the end of 2009 (Kossoy 12). According to Chichilnisky and Sheeran, the carbon market has the promise to be the largest commodity market in the world (1).

Kyoto Protocol京都议定书

Kyoto Protocol is the origin of the carbon market and carbon Finance. It is an “international agreement to limit carbon emissions,” which came into effect in 2005 (Sheeran). It distributes the quotas of carbon emission of almost every industrialized country except the U.S. However, there is no limit on the emission of developing countries; thus, if an industrialized country cannot meet its limit, it has to buy carbon credits from other countries to gain permission to emit carbon gas. In the offset process, carbon finance plays an important role on the purchasing behavior of industrialized countries with developing countries.

Invest in carbon credits and win goodwill
Positive effects on environment
II. Carbon finance negative effects
Carbon finance unequal distribution
Potential risks
Emissions fraud
III. Analysis of benefits and costs
IV. Conclusion

Works Cited 参考文献

Adams, Thomas, and James A. Turner. An Investigation into the Effects of an Emissions Trading Scheme on Forest Management and Land use in New Zealand. 15 Vol. , 2012. Print.

Aldy, Joseph E., Eduardo Ley, and Ian Parry. 'A Tax-Based Approach to Slowing Global Climate Change.' National Tax Journal 61.3 (2008): 493-517. Print.
Gunther, Marc. 'Carbon Finance Comes of Age.' Fortune 157.8 (2008): 124-32. Print.
Haigler, Evan. 'Carbon Finance for Development: An Efficient Cookstove Case Study.' Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law & Policy 22.2 (2011): 283-91. Print.
Hu, Zhaoguang, Jiahai Yuan, and Zheng Hu. 'Study on China's Low Carbon Development in an Economy–Energy–Electricity–Environment Framework.' Energy Policy 39.5 (2011): 2596-605. Print.
Kettunen, Janne, Derek W. Bunn, and William Blyth. 'Investment Propensities Under Carbon Policy Uncertainty.' Energy Journal 32.1 (2011): 77-117. Print.
Kossoy, Alexandre, and Philippe Ambrosi. 2010. State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2010.Washington, DC: The World Bank. Available from.
O