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region, which import machinery from Britain and export raw commodities such as coffee, tea and cotton. This creates a trade imbalance hence curtailing real economic development.

The colonial trade pattern is characterized by the state or country having two categories of economic generating activities. The first category is composed of indigenous and largely rural subsistence economy. The second part is composed of the export-oriented sector that still applies colonial manuscript in its affairs. The integration of the two result into the concept of a dual economy in a state (Iqbal Z 1997). The second part has its emphasis on the growth of few primary products. This puts the state in a vulnerable position in respect to the economic fluctuations that are global phenomena due to lack of diversity.

Despite popular belief, the modernization effects that were to be obtained from the colonization proved to have minimal effects in transforming the continent's economic fortunes. This is attributed to the fact that the modernization was restricted to the high levels of administration. This meant that certain benefits were only available to the colonial business and officials. The natives played a back seat role and when the colonialists left, they were left with little operative knowledge on economic issues. In addition, this selective administration resulted in heavy economic stratification that has lead into the present economic inequality in the African states.

From another perspective, the lack of social overhead capital building up in the earlier part civilization in Africa can be pointed out as one of the causes. The colonists depleted the labor richness of the African states in that they sent the natives to the minefields and the minerals that were mined sent to Europe. In addition, there was the slave trade that threatened at some point to depopulate Africa. In the years that preceded the independence of these nations, there were wars and struggles that erupted. This left the nations rather unstable relatively to other parts of the globe that were not colonized.

As earlier mentioned, perhaps the greatest injustice that the colonialists perpetrated was the nature of investments that they made (Iqbal Z 1997). The colonialists exported social capital by sending the proceeds that they made to their countries thus leaving the African continent depraved. This meant that the western economies benefited at the expense of their African counterparts.

The colonial powers can thus be said to have set the stage through the primitive accumulation and exploitation that resulted to the African continent being introduced to the global capitalist economy as primary commodities suppliers. By this, it meant that a culture of importing the more valuable secondary goods was initiated. This has led to dependency on the Western and Asian producers.

ii. Unfavorable labor logistics

From the neo-classical realization regarding labor, the quality of labor is more important than the quantity of labor. The African human capital can be termed to be relatively inadequate. This is because there has not been enough investment made towards human capital in the form of formal Education, on the job training and better working conditions. It is important to note that the human capital is an important determinant in the economic development.

In respect to formal