摘要:本文是一篇研究印度住房经济的留学生PPP关系分析论文,研究了在艾哈迈达巴德市的城市贫民,在市场力量与低收入人的需求之间的实现一种平衡的经济适用住房的 PPP 模式的潜力。
crease from 77.6 million units in 2010 to 73.2 million units in 2015 in India. Urban housing shortage is expected to increase from 19.6 million units in 2010 to 21.1 million units in 2015.
Fig. 2: Urban Housing Shortage
Source: CRISIL Research
Urban housing shortage is mainly concentrated in the economically weaker section (EWS) and low-income group (LIG) both collectively constitution more than 90 percent of the shortage. As per government estimates out of total urban population 21 percent live in slums and 35 percent have only one room to stay.
Business Standard, Delhi (Sep, 2012) stated that the urban housing shortage in the country declined 25 percent from 24.7 million in 2007 to 18.78 million in 2012. MHUPA attributed this decline to a contribution of factors like
Increase in banking finance
Central and state government programmes
General increase in per capita income
The housing shortage at the beginning of the 12th Five year plan was estimated at 18.78 million with majority of the households living in congested houses and requiring new houses besides those residing in obsolescent houses.
Table 4: Housing Shortage in India
Housing Shortage at the Start of 12th Five Year Plan, March, 2012
Requirement/ Shortage (in Millions)
Households living in non-serviceable kutcha houses
0.99
Households living in obsolescent houses
2.27
Households living in congested houses requiring new houses
14.99
Households in homeless condition
0.53
Total
18.78
Source: MHUPA Technical Group Report on Urban Housing 2012-17
MHUPA Technical Report states that 70% of the housing shortage exists in the seven states - Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Fig. 3: State Wise Distribution of Housing Shortage 2012 (in millions)
Source: MHUPA Technical Group Report on Urban Housing 2012-17
According to MHUPA Technical Report, the nexus between builders and big investors who are profiteering by locking up the newly launched houses in the market is to be blamed for this huge shortage. The prices of homes in the country have gone only northward, despite a massive decline in the sale of houses since 2008 and has resulted in shortage due to lack of affordability.
The mismatch prevailing between the people for whom the houses are being built and those who need them are clearly underlined in the following distribution of the estimated shortage across different economic categories. It exhibits that the maximum shortage exists for the EWS/LIG Section of society whose need is unable to get translated into demand due to issues of affordability.
Table 5: Housing Shortage among Various Economic Categories
Housing Shortage Among Various Economic Categories
Economic Category
%
Distribution of 2012 Housing shortage among Economic categories (in Millions)
EWS
56.2
10.55
LIG
39.5
7.41
MIG+
4.3
0.82
TOTAL
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