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美国留学生环境经济学作业 [3]

论文作者:英语论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-10-27编辑:yangcheng点击率:9947

论文字数:3543论文编号:org201410241212365149语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文

关键词:美国留学生环境经济学留学作业Water Supply

摘要:本文是一篇美国留学生环境经济学作业,本文将展示环保市场的基本面和其对于供水行业的应用。私营和公有制的相对优势将被考虑,每一个关键特征会得到识别。

nterprises (POEs) are not necessarily less efficient or cost effective than private companies (Hall, 1998) which implies that governments can just as easily commodify a resource but may not be so good at managing it.

 

The challenges relating to water are most prevalent in the developing world and have been characterised by conflicting public policy, a lack of consensus on the economic value of water, property rights, poor regulation and enforcement, corrupt governance and little long-term planning (Rodriguez, 2004). The solution as seen by many of the transition governments is to incorporate private sector participation. This is based on the assumption that the entire sale of assets creates the best opportunity for improvements. Despite this there have been few success stories and limited public support (ibid). Developing countries are experiencing rapid population growth and this is not matched with an equivalent provision of water. As a consequence of the public sector’s inability to cope with this growth, many governments are looking to the private sector for remediation (Al-Hmoud and Edwards, 2004).

 

Privatisation is used because it is generally more effective at raising capital for projects and because private companies seek long-term goals, enabling more sustainable investment which may be deemed more beneficial for water supply compared with state-ownership. The capital raised is used specifically for the water supply and does not get influenced by short-term political pressures. The public sector reviews projects year on year and frequently objectives differ.

 

Some private companies may see market environmentalism as an opportunity for continued profit by raising prices for consumers (Harvey, 2003). This is a clear reason why regulation is imperative to ensure successful implementation of market environmentalism. The argument for increased efficiency and lower regulation costs is mirrored by Ashford (1991) and others.

 

In the UK, three regulatory agencies were created: the Environment Agency, the Drinking Water Inspectorate, and Ofwat (Bakker, 2002). Ofwat was established in 1989 when the water industry in England and Wales was privatised and is the economic regulator for the water and sewerage industry. It aims to ensure that water companies provide a good quality service at a fair price as well as protecting consumers, promoting value and safeguarding the future. The ‘price-cap’ regulation method is the core of the economic regulatory framework administered by Ofwat. Price caps are calculated by the regulator every five years in the ‘periodic review’ process, and set in advance (Ofwat, 1998).

 

European directives have also influenced the water supply, with various implementations dictating the cleanliness of the environment and water quality. As part of the Drinking Water Directive (DWD) they set standards for drinking water quality at the tap using forty-eight parameters which member states are obliged to regularly m论文英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写英语论文代写代写论文代写英语论文代写留学生论文代写英文论文留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。

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