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美国交通系统的发展特点和问题研究留学论文

论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:本科毕业论文 Thesis登出时间:2014-08-04编辑:felicia点击率:18523

论文字数:4390论文编号:org201408040817115545语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文

关键词:交通工具公路运输transportationroad transporteconomic and social activitiestransport system

摘要:本文是一篇美国留学论文。随着经济的不断发展,社会生活节奏加快,交通事业出现了显著的变化,在不同的交通工具中,公路运输是最常见的。为了实现公路运输系统的优化,交通和运输工程师一直努力提高道路交通系统的可访问性和流动性。本文通过全球范围内道路交通导致的死亡人数和意外事故,分析解决问题的办法,以减少经济损失,降低事故发生率,促进国家稳定。

第一章 前言 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

在不同的交通工具中,公路运输是最常见的。经济的快速发展和社会活动的日新月异与道路运输紧密联系在一起。公路运输的快速发展史全社会政治经济的发展要求(霍伊尔,1973)。对于道路交通系统,交通和运输工程师一直在努力发现一个更好的解决问题的方法,特别是道路交通系统的可访问性和流动性。然而,这种进步不一定会为非机动车交通带来一些好处。相反,它更可能会给道路使用者和车辆之间带来更高的风险,使其矛盾升级,冲突加剧。


道路运输导致的死亡数量持续上升,涉及到各种交通模式。在欧洲,欧盟组织内每年的交通事故数约为42000起,在所有运输模式中,道路交通事故占超过90%(ETSC,2003)。根据世界卫生组织报道,全球范围内道路交通导致的死亡人数每年约有一百万人(世界卫生组织——《世界预防道路交通伤害报告》,2004年)。交通事故的发生不仅会给人们带来巨大的痛苦,而且也会给国家带来巨大的经济损失,其交通事故经济损失对于发展中国家而言,大约相当于发展中国家国民生产总值的2%(Dhliwayo,1997)。


Among the various means of transportation, road transport is the most common one. The growth of all forms of economic and social activities is integrated with road transport. It facilitates mobility which is a requirement to the social and economic well being of a society (Hoyle et al., 1973). Traffic and Transport Engineers have been solving problems in achieving a better road transport system, particularly on its accessibility and mobility. However, the progress may not necessarily generate any benefits to non-motorized traffic. On the contrary, it is more likely to enhance the risk for and the severity of conflicts between road users and vehicles. 


Road transport results in the maximum number of fatalities among various transportation modes. In Europe, the average numbers of transport fatalities within the European Union are approximately 42,000 each year and road crashes account for over 90% among all transportation modes (ETSC, 2003). According to the World Health Organization more than a million people are killed on the world’s roads each year (World Health Organization – World report on road traffic injury prevention, 2004). Along with human suffering, road accidents have economic costs equivalent to approximately 2 percent of GNP for developing countries (Dhliwayo, 1997).


The issue of road accidents has become a serious problem in the world. The transportation profession is facing the challenges of effective management of traffic safety. To serve the rising demand for mobility on one hand and preserve road safety on the other, the transport profession is required to build up road safety work strategically and scientifically in order to address this problem.


Road safety work is a difficult process involving different economical and societal elements. Several road safety policy initiatives are needed to achieve lower death rates and reduce the number of crashes on roads. The concept of a road safety strategy is the carrying out of road safety measures in a systematic and comprehensive way such that resources invested can be successfully for a sustained reduction of road accident.


A number of research of road crashes worldwide (Jacobs et al, 2000) carried out by TRL in recent years have shown that the road safety condition throughout the African continent is one of the worst in the world. With around only 4% of the world’s motor vehicles, its road fatality share is 2 ½ times greater (10%). In numerous African countries, a vehicle is over a hundred times more likely to be involved in a fatal road crash than in the UK or USA. Out of this 10 percent, two countries alone account for almost fifty per cent of all reported deaths, namely Nigeria and South Africa. Ot论文英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写英语论文代写代写论文代写英语论文代写留学生论文代写英文论文留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。

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