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", hence the meaning of theword is “to carry over".Metaphor is prevalent phenomenon, which is used by people everyday in everypossible way. Richards, a rhetorician from Britain，ever said, “we cannot get throughthree sentences of ordinary fluid discourse without metaphor,’(Richards，1936:98). ByPollio and others' (Pollio，Barlow, Fine and Pollio, 1977) calculation, four figures ofspeech (metaphors) will appear in people's free talking in every minute. If otherinnovative language usages are counted in, one person may use more than 21 millionfigures of speech during his whole life. Moreover, some linguists, philosophers andpsychologists even consider that all the words may be originated from metaphors.Psychologically, many scholars believe that all the cognitive activities are based onanalogy and metaphorical reasoning (Hoffman & Honeck, 1980:6). Meanwhile, thereare a great deal of discussion on common metaphor in many ancient Chineseliteratures, for instance, Chen Kui's Guide Line for Prose is one of them.

1.2.1 Studies Abroad国外研究
There are two entirely different views in the history of metaphor study abroad，one is “depredators”，and the originator of it should be Plato from ancient Greece，which states that metaphor is not beneficial to the development of human thinking,sometimes, it may be harmful. The other is the "appreciator". Those who cleave to thelatter view include Aristotle, Quintillian，Fantanier, Richards，Jakobson, Blake,Ricoeur, Lakoff and so on. They think that human's language and thinking is filledwith metaphors, and the nature of human thinking is metaphorical. In a word，they arethe very people who build the history of western metaphor study.According to the field and approach of research, western metaphor study can bedivided into three stages:L Rhetoric research of metaphor. The first period lasts from about 300 B.C. to1930s，from Aristotle to Richards, and the time span runs about 2000 years.As Ortony (1993:6) states, “any serious study of metaphor is almost obliged tostart with the works of Aristotle”，truly，the earliest research on metaphor can betraced back to Aristotle who mentioned the formation and rhetoric function manytimes in his two classic books，Poetics and Rhetorics, which has a far-reaching effecton the study into metaphor in the following two millenniums. Aristotle believes that“a command of metaphor is the mark of genius" (Aristotle, 1458:22 in Cameron. &Low, 2001:72) and his words that "... the greatest thing by far is to be a master ofmetaphor" is often quoted by "appreciators". According to Aristotle, metaphorinvolves an analogy or similarity between two or more things or objects，and hisinterpretation of metaphor is later developed into "Comparison Theory，，，which holdsthat metaphors are similes with suppressed or deleted predications of similarity,(Levinson, 1983) and the theory of Substitution proposed by the famous RomanRhetorician Quintilian, which regarded metaphor as a rhetorical substitution of aliteral expression. For instance, (1) John is a lion. In sentence (1), lion is used to bethe substitution of the direct expression, a courageous man. However，both thecomparison view and the substitution view confine metaphor to the realm of rhetoric,and consider that metaphor is primarily decorative and ornamental in nature.In the 1930s，the publication of The Philosophy of Rhetoric by Richards who firstproposed the "本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。