摘要:本文是一篇留学生离岸外包服务分析作业,离岸外包已经随着时间的推移达到了目前的状态,它被认为是许多组织业务战略的一个重要组成部分。离岸外包的这种增长已经受到很多内部和外部的力量的影响,形成了一定的环境条件并对组织产生了挑战。
categories, namely, economic, political/legal, socio-demographic and technological driving forces (Jahns et al, 2006). In this context, it could be argued that the growth and development of India and China were also instrumental in the growth of offshore outsourcing but, rather than discussing them under separate headings it would be meaningful to discuss them by relating to the external factors in order to highlight the important trends.
Economic driving forces:
The economic driving forces which had an impact on offshore outsourcing consists of factors such wage differentials, interest rates, emergence of technology centers, development of capital markets and capital costs (Jahns et al, 2006). Firms realized that the wage differentials which existed across different regions could be leveraged for achieving cost reductions. For instance, there are significant difference in wages between United States and other Asian countries such as China and India. Due to surplus labor and lower cost of living in these developing economies, the cost savings in labor can be as high as 90%. In 2003, the yearly total cost of an engineer in China was roughly US$15,000, which was about a tenth of the cost in Silicon Valley (Lieberman, 2004). In India, a GAAP certified accountant would earn approximately US$15,000 a year, whereas his counterpart in the US would earn around US$75,000 per year (Dossani & Kenney, 2003). Moreover, the cost of benefits such as pension contributions and health insurance is lower in these developing countries in comparison to the US (Garner, 2004). Figure 1 highlights the annual salaries for software programmers across nine countries for the year 2003.
the annual salaries for software programmers across nine countries for the year 2003 - Offshore Drivers.JPG
Figure : Annual salaries for software programmers across different countries for the year 2003
Source: Computerworld, April 28, 2003
With regards to the emergence of technology centers in offshore locations, organizations realized that apart from making it easier for them to find the required resources, these centers were also essential for innovation activities and therefore, a source of competitive advantage (Jahns et al, 2006). According to Porter and Stern (2001), the Asian economies have shown a higher rate of investments in national innovation capacities in comparison to Latin American economies. New centers of innovation have also emerged outside OECD nations, such as in Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore and Israel. These countries have made huge investments in improving their innovative capacities and have achieved a significant increase in patenting rates (Porter & Stern, 2001). The realization by firms that offshoring can help in leveraging innovative potentials has also influenced offshore outsourcing.
Political and legal driving forces:
The political and legal driving forces primarily include laws pertaining to labor, competition, and
taxation, along with various trade barriers, regulations, quotas and incentives. In addition to these, the liberalization of international trade by World Trade Organization (WTO) and liberalization of economies of various countries by way of agreements and treaties have also played a key role in the growth of offshore outsourcing (Jahns et al, 2006).
To take taxation as an example, several countries
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