留学生离岸外包服务分析作业怎么写 [4]
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关键词:离岸外包Economics Essay降低成本劳动力成业务战略
摘要:本文是一篇留学生离岸外包服务分析作业,离岸外包已经随着时间的推移达到了目前的状态,它被认为是许多组织业务战略的一个重要组成部分。离岸外包的这种增长已经受到很多内部和外部的力量的影响,形成了一定的环境条件并对组织产生了挑战。
provided tax incentives in specific sectors to motivate offshoring of work to their countries. For instance, it could be argued that Ireland attracted a large percentage of offshoring work due to the tax advantages it provided to BPO firms. Although the standard tax rate was 43% in Ireland, for BPO firms, a preferential tax rate of 10% was provided until 2010. Similarly, in Jamaica, the standard tax rate was 34% but, 100% free in BPO free trade zone. The corporate tax rate in Barbados was 2.5% and in Mauritius, key personnel engaged in BPO were offered personal tax holidays. These tax rates were much lower in comparison to US, where it was 35% (Metters & Verma, 2008). In addition to tax benefits, these countries also provided duty free import of equipments, government support in training workers and other incentives such as reduced rents on buildings and office space (Wilson, 1995).
Another important factor that fuelled the offshore outsourcing drive was the decrease in trade barriers, deregulation of service industries and opening of physical and economic borders by many developed and developing countries (Garner, 2004). For instance, in 1978, China opened its economy and followed principles of modernization. It pursued social and economic reforms aggressively, leading to large scale improvements in the technological infrastructure and an increased pool of educated and skilled labor. Similarly, in 1991 India opened its economy and followed a path of liberalization and economic restructuring (Brudenall, 2005). As a result several industries were deregulated and tariffs reduced. The Indian government specifically targeted computer hardware and software. Software and hardware technology parks were established and businesses involved in these industries were exempted from normal laws such as those restricting the percentage of foreign investment and ownership. In addition to these, the government also provided perks such as tax exemption on export related income, a 5 year tax holiday and duty free imports on business related inputs (Metters & Verma, 2008; Chadha, 1999). Similar kinds of political reforms and economic changes were also undertaken by other countries. These developments allowed firms to carry out cross border activities and collaborations easily, thus promoting offshore outsourcing arrangements.
Socio-Demographic driving forces:
The socio demographic driving forces include factors such as size of the population, age structure, level of education and work force motivation. In many developing countries, the work force has shown a positive trend in these respects over the past several years. For instance, the Indian workforce, especially in IT sector, consists of people with good education and English language skills (Jahns et al, 2006). China, in 1999, had 195,364
Engineering graduates, which was three times the number of engineering graduates in the US. In addition to this, engineering graduates formed 44.3% of all undergraduate degrees in China, whereas it formed only 5.1% in the US. Similar trend can also be witnessed in higher education. During the period from 1986 to 1999, the average annual growth rate of science and engineering doctorates in China was 36.5%, whilst it was 2.2% in US during the same period (Lieberman, 2004). This steady decline in the supply of skilled labor in advanced economies such as US and UK and the relative abundance of these skills in developing eco
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