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may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s permissions site at:Transformational and charismatic Leadership: Assessing the
convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the MLQ and the CKS
Jens Rowold a,⁎, Kathrin Heinitz b a University of Münster, Psychologisches Institut II, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
b Free University of Berlin, Germany
Abstract
This study aimed at empirically clarifying the similarities and differences between transformational, transactional, and
charismatic leadership. More specifically, the convergent, divergent, and criterion validity of two instruments, the Multifactor
Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X) and the Conger and Kanungo Scales (CKS), was explored. It was found that transformational
and charismatic leadership showed a high convergent validity. Moreover, these leadership styles were divergent from transactional
leadership. With regard to criterion validity, subjective (e.g. satisfaction) as well as objective (profit) performance indicators were
assessed. Firstly, results indicated that transformational as well as charismatic leadership augmented the impact of transactional
leadership on subjective performance. In addition, transformational and charismatic leadership both contribute unique variance to
subjective performance, over and above the respective other leadership style. Secondly, transformational leadership had an impact
on profit, over and above transactional leadership. This augmentation effect could not be confirmed for charismatic leadership.
Furthermore, transformational leadership augmented the impact of both transactional and charismatic leadership on profit.
Implications for leadership theory and practice are discussed.

Keywords: Transformational leadership; Transactional leadership; Charismatic leadership; Profit

Over the last two decades a new genre of leadership theory, alternatively labeled as “charismatic” (Conger &Kanungo, 1998; Hunt, Boal, & Dodge, 1999; Shamir, House, & Arthur, 1993), “visionary” (Sashkin, 1988), or“transformational” (Avolio, Bass, & Jung, 1999; Bass, 1985), has emerged. Among these, two fields of research have
gained considerable interest. First, within transformationa本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。