英语论文网

en handed over control of the wheelhouse to Third Mate Gregory Cousins with precise instructions to turn back into the shipping lanes when the tanker reached a certain point. At that time, Claar was replaced by Helmsman Robert Kagan. For reasons that remain unclear, Cousins and Kagan failed to make the turn back into the shipping lanes and the ship ran aground on Bligh Reef at 12:04 a.m., March 24, 1989. Captain Hazelwood was in his quarters at the time.

The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident and determined five probable causes of the grounding: (1) The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue and excessive workload; (2) the master failed to provide a proper navigation watch, possibly due to impairment from alcohol; (3) Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the master and provide a rested and sufficient crew for the Exxon Valdez; (4) the U.S. Coast Guard failed to provide an effective vessel traffic system; and (5) effective pilot and escort services were lacking' (Cleveland, 2010).

Although there are environmental and human factors threats to the shipping industry a more recent attack has poised the shipping industry on its edge. The threat is that of sea born piracy. Piracy has been a major problem for many years but since the late 1900s piracy has not been a problem until fairly recently since Somalia has a large coast line and many of the cargo vessels are easy targets.

The shipping industry has truly revolutionized the logistics era; now with modern technology the weather can be predicted. Not just weather but under extreme conditions ships can safely navigate to and from harbors. With advanced technology on the ships as well it means less down time to fight corrosion.

基于航空的物流-Air Based Logistics

Air based logistics is the newest form of transportation. It does take a lot of coordination and planning. Many of the armed forces around the world utilize air transportation to get supplies to their ground forces as well as get their bases up and running. Today there is more than just airborne logistics in play, there are also sattelites that are used to scout drop zones. In stead of dropping in scouting teams it is more efficient to use a satellite or an unmanned aircraft. One of the best examples of air borne logistics is the use of satellites to aid in the relief effort of the 2005 tsuanamis.

'Satellite images are helping to target relief efforts in regions devastated by the Asian tsunamis of 26 December. The images may also yield clues about the shape and strength of the deadly tidal waves.

The massive earthquake off the Indonesian island of Sumatra spawned massive ocean swells, which have killed an estimated 155,000 people and left millions more without clean water, food, or shelter.

Relief agencies are using satellite images to find the hardest-hit areas. High-resolution satellites, such as the commercial satellite QuickBird, focus in on relatively small regions to show details as small as 0.6 metres across. These dramatic images can be used to discern damage to individual buildings.

But satellites with lower resolution can provide a wider overview. USGS's Landsat 7 satellite, for example, images the entire globe in 180-kilometre swathes every 16 days, at a resolution of 30 metres. It passed over Sumatra's battered n