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威廉托伦斯提供了一张表，这张表显示自1965年以来，在2000年与2005年间，每10万人口中医生占有的比例第一次出现了轻微下滑。医生占有比例出现了下滑而不是上升，主要是由于诸多限制因素使得医生和患者不满，尤其是限制了医生和患者的选择，这几个方面的原因造成的。摒弃更加高效的医疗方法往往意味着将需要更多的医生提供相同级别的护理。医生和患者似乎都偏爱高效的医疗方式，这就使得更多的医生负担有更大的压力，这也就是增加了医生短缺带来的恐惧的首要因素。美国医生短缺的第二大原因是由于女性占了医学院学生的很大一部分。女性任然主要从事着诸如抚养孩子、维持家庭之类的工作，使得女性很少有时间真正参与医疗实践。这种劳动力的人口学变化或许将会给许多医生产生更大的压力。第三个主要的原因是医生更喜欢选择一种可控制的生活方式。现在的年轻医生要求周末不上班、且每周有限的工作小时数。随着医生的这种偏好，患者获得的医疗护理势必会被削减。

Identify and describe three reasons why there may be a physician shortage rather than a surplus in the U.S. 

William & Torrens (2010) provided a table to show the first time since 1965, between 2000 and 2005, there was a slight decrease in the ratio of physicians per 100,000 civilian populations. The three reasons why there is a physician shortage rather than a surplus in the United States is caused first of all by more restrictive elements that have been blunted due to widespread physician and patient dissatisfaction, particularly with limits of choice (Williams & Torrens, page 270). The move away from more efficient forms of organized medical practice commonly means that more physicians will be necessary to deliver the same level of care (Mick, 2004). Physicians and patients seem to prefer choice to efficiency, which will add pressure for more physicians and is the first of several possible factors fueling fears of a new shortage (Williams & Torrens, page 270). The second reason for the physician shortage in the United States is was a larger percentage of women in medical school. Women still do a majority of the tasks surrounding the raising of children and maintaining a home, leaving less time available for practice (Williams & Torrens, page 270). This demographic shift with the workforce may produce more pressure for more than fewer physicians (Williams & Torrens, page 270). Third, physician preferences now favor a more “controllable lifestyle” (Williams & Torrens, page 270). Young physicians today seek career opportunities with weekends off limiting the hours worked per week. These preferences over time will reduce the availability for patient care (Dorsey, Jarjorua, & Rutecki. 2003). Identify and describe three factors that contribute to the nursing shortage in the U.S. 

Based on what is known about trends in the supply of RNs and their anticipated demand, the shortage is expected to grow slowly until 2010, at which time it will have reached 12 percent and by 2015, the shortage is projected to be 20 percent (Williams & Torrens, page 283). The first contributing factor for the nursing shortage is the issue of nursing school enrollments (Williams & Torrens, page 283). However, the increases have been decreasing steadily since 2003; the facts combined with the estimate made by the federal government that increases in the number of graduates must be around 90 percent to meet the nursing shortage adequately (Williams & Torrens, page 283). The second contributing factor is the aging of the RN workplace (Williams & Torrens, page 284). The contributing factors that caused the nursing shortages are: the decline in number of nursing school graduates, the higher than average age of recent graduating classes an本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。