英语论文网

—鼓舞人心的动机

Vision is having the ability to articulate expectations for the future.9-11 Visionary leaders can motivate others to appeal to their higher and sometimes unrealistic ideals. These leaders translate their dreams into reality by articulating the vision, explaining the vision to others, and developing the vision to achieve the desired goals.1 Visionary leaders are creative and use their innovation to design the future. Flexibility is being able to find comfort

Intellectual stimulation——智力刺激

Expertise is having the knowledge, skills, and technical ability required for the chosen endeavor. Transformational leaders are competent in their chosen area of expertise.1 These leaders intellectually stimulate others to develop new ideas and creative outlets that support professional development and personal growth among members of the group.

Individualized consideration——个性化的考虑

The underlying goal of transformational leadership is to bring about some type of change. A leader employing this style of leadership should realize that change, in general, requires a great deal of effort and time. Transformational leaders are concern for their employees as persons and spend time and invest energy in teaching and coaching their followers.

Recommendations——建议

Healthcare organizations must continue to recruit to leadership positions to fulfill their organizational mission and vision. Yet, the current reality is such that many healthcare leaders are primarily task focused. Compounded by a forthcoming healthcare leadership shortage (Laschinger et al., 2008), improving existing leadership is key for future sustainability of the nursing workforce. Therefore, hiring leaders with relational skills, or providing training for existing leaders becomes a priority consideration for chief executives and nursing administrators although screening for and assessing such competencies in the workplace is documented as being problematic (Matthews et al., 2002). A recent review on the effectiveness of leadership development interventions in nursing suggested that investing in leadership development by healthcare organizations is important as nine of nine studies showed a significant increase in transformational/relational leadership practices by participants up to 12 months after the program (Cummings et al., 2008).

Conclusion:——结论

Leadership theory has long sought to find traits associated with effective leadership. Overall, high levels of supervisor Agreeableness, Emotional Stability and Extraversion, plus low levels of Conscientiousness are related to subordinate satisfaction with supervisor, overall satisfaction, affective commitment and turnover intentions. Researches show that in general, followers of transformational leaders view their work as more important and as more self-congruent. The effects of self-concordant work goals on job attitudes and performance have generally been positive. The findings of this systematic review point to specific leadership approaches that are more effective at achieving positive outcomes for the nursing workforce and for healthcare organizations, than others. Combined with knowledge from other reviews that relational and transformational leadership skills can be learned (Cummings et al., 2008), these results present an imp