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To make the study more accurate,an overview of the related concepts about errors,including definition of errors,distinction between error and mistake as well as classificationof errors,should be clearly interpreted.

2.1.1Definition of Errors

Errors can hardly be avoided for learners in the process of second or foreign languagelearning and acquisition.Then,what is error?Many linguists have done a lot of researcheson errors,but until now,there is no unified and systematic standard for the definition oferrors.They give their own interpretations of errors from different perspectives.

Corder defines errors as the imperfections of language expression caused by learners’lack of language knowledge and rules(1967)and error is the result of behavior failure(1971).Richard(1971)summarizes that errors appears when foreign or second languagelearners use target language in writing or speaking in a way that a fluent or native speaker ofthe language regards as incomplete or incorrect.According to Dulay,Burt and Krashen(1982),errors are the flawed sides of learners’writing or speech;they are those portions ofcompositions or conversations which deviate from some selected norms of nature languageperformance.Firedenberg(1991)considers that errors are deviations in pronunciation,structure,or vocabulary from what was considered to be normal by adult native speakers.Ellis(1994)regards an error as a deviation from the norms of the target language.DaiWeidong and Shu Dingfang(1994)state that errors are deviations in language use due tolack of certain language rules,and it is difficult to deal with some errors that learners makefor they are not familiar with the communicative culture of the target language.James(1998)puts forward that a language error as an unsuccessful bit of language.Hu Zhuanglin(2001)holds that errors occur when learners misuse the target language because of not fullyunderstanding or mastering the correct language forms.

2.2 Theoretical Foundations

The main theoretical foundations the author based on are contrastive analysis,erroranalysis and interlanguage.

2.2.1 Contrastive Analysis(CA)

Linguist Lado(1957)first systematically expounds the hypothesis of contrastiveanalysis in the book Linguistics Across Culture,which lays the foundation for the emergenceof CA.He summarizes the hypothesis of contrastive analysis as follows:(ⅰ)mother tongueinterference is the main source of difficulties and errors in second language acquisition;(ⅱ)the difference between mother tongue and target language is the main reason for foreignlanguage learning difficulties;(ⅲ)the greater the difference between the mother tongue andthe target language is,the greater the learning difficulty is(Li Bing,2006).Contrastiveanalysis studies learners’errors based on the differences between learners’mother tongue and target language.The contrastive analysis emphasizes that the original knowledgeexperience will have an impact on the learning of the target language,which can involve theform,meaning and culture of the language.When the original knowledge and experience aresimilar to the target language learning,the original knowledge will promote the targetlanguage learning,on the contrary,it will hinder the target language learni本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。