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Abstract
As with a quantitative study, critical analysis of a qualitative study involves an in-depth review of how each step of the research wasundertaken. Qualitative and quantitative studies are, however,
fundamentally different approaches to research and thereforeneed to be considered differently with regard to critiquing. Thedifferent philosophical underpinnings of the various qualitativeresearch methods generate discrete ways of reasoning and distinctterminology; however, there are also many similarities within these
methods. Because of this and its subjective nature, qualitative researchit is often regarded as more difficult to critique. Nevertheless, anevidenced-based profession such as nursing cannot accept research at
face value, and nurses need to be able to determine the strengths andlimitations of qualitative as well as quantitative research studies whenreviewing the available literature on a topic.
Key words: Critical appraisal n Qualitative researchQualitative and quantitative studies are fundamentally
different approaches to research and thereforeneed to be approached differently with regard tocritiquing. Qualitative research is essentially anassortment of various approaches that have commonalities aswell as differences (Parahoo, 2006). The different philosophicalunderpinnings of the various qualitative research methods
generate discrete ways of reasoning and distinct terminology;however, there are many similarities within these methods(Burns and Grove, 1999) that can be categorized together.
Qualitative research does not regard truth as objective,but as a subjective reality that is experienced differently byeach individual (Vishnevsky and Beanlands, 2004). Nor do
proponents of qualitative research believe that a phenomenoncan be isolated into multiple variables that can be studiedindependently. Qualitative research asserts that a phenomenonis more than the sum of its parts, and must therefore be studiedin a holistic manner. As a result, the purpose of this paradigmis not to attempt to generalize data to the population but toFrances Ryan, Michael Coughlan, Patricia Cronin
explore individuals’ experiences (Vishnevsky and Beanlands,
2004) and in some instances the development of new theory.
Elements influencing believability of the study
The elements influencing believability can help the readerto focus on what to expect from a piece of research by
asking questions regarding the researcher’s academic andprofessional qualifications and the skills demonstrated in
presenting the study (Ryan-Wenger, 1992). These questionsare similar to those asked when critiquing a quantitative
study and were discussed in part 1 of this article (Coughlanet al, 2007). Questions relating to these elements are
presented in Table 1.
Elements influencing robustness of the study
Statement of the phenomenon of interestMany of the topics examined in research studies are of an
abstract nature in that the particular experience may beinterpreted differently by another individual, or by the sameindividual under different circumstances, e.g. when in pain. In
qualitative research these abstract encounters or experiencesare known as phenomena (Polit and Beck, 2006). The topicbeing studied should be clearly identified by the researcher
(Connell Meehan, 1999).
Purpose/significance of the study
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